Glossary of Key Words for C3- Chemical Economics
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| Activation energy | The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
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| Allotropes | Different forms of the same element.
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| Atom | The basic “building block” of an element which cannot be chemically broken down.
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| Atom economy | A way of measuring the amount of atoms that are wasted or lost when a chemical is made.
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| Balanced equation | Chemical equation where the number of atoms on each side of the equation balance each other.
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| Batch process | A process used to make small fixed amounts of substances, like medicines, with a clear start and finish.
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| Boiling point | Temperature at which the bulk of a liquid turns to vapour.
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| Buckminsterfullerene | A very stable sphere of 60 carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds. An allotrope of carbon.
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| Carbon | A very important element, carbon is present in all living things and forms a huge range of compounds with other elements.
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| Catalyst | A chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not changed or used by the reaction.
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| Chemical properties | The characteristic of substances.
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| Collision frequency | The number of successful collisions between reacting particles that happen in one second.
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| Combustion | Process where fuels react with oxygen to produce heat.
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| Compressions | Particles pushed together, increasing pressure.
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| Concentration | The amount of chemical dissolved in a certain volume of solution.
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| Conservation of mass | The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products formed.
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| Continuous process | A process for making a large amount of chemicals which runs all the time if new materials are added and wastes removed.
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| Covalent bonds | Bonds between atoms where some of the electrons are shared.
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| Diffuse | When particles diffuse they spread out.
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| Distillation | The process of evaporation followed by condensation.
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| Double covalent bond | Covalent bond where each atom shares two electrons with the other atom.
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| Efficient | A process in which losses are minimised.
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| Elements | Substances made out of only one type of atom.
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| Endothermic reaction | Chemical reaction which takes in heat.
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| Energy | The ability to “do work”-the human body needs energy to function.
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| Evaporation | When a liquid changes to a gas it evaporates.
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| Exothermic reaction | Chemical reaction in which heat is given out.
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| Explosion | A very fast reaction making large volumes of gas.
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| Fullerenes | Cage-like carbon molecules containing many carbon atoms, e.g. buckyballs.
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| Hardness | Hardness of a solid material as tested by the scratch test.
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| Limewater | Calcium hydroxide particles in water- this clear liquid turns milky in the presence of carbon dioxide.
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| Limiting reactant | Chemical used up in a chemical reaction that limits the amount of product formed.
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| Lubricating | Oiling
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| Lustrous | Shiny
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| Melting point | The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.
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| Nanometre | Units used to measure very small things (one billionth of a metre).
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| Nanoparticles | Very small particles on the nanoscale.
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| Nanotube | Carbon atoms formed into a very tiny tube.
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| Nickel catalyst | A catalyst used in the hardening of margarine.
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| Optimum temperature | The temperature range that produces the best reaction rate.
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| Percentage yield | Comparing the amount of useful product made to the amount expected.
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| Petrol | Volatile mixture of hydrocarbons used as a fuel.
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| Product | Molecules produced at the end of a chemical reaction.
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| Rate of reaction | The speed with which a chemical reaction takes place.
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| Reactants | Chemicals which are reacting together in a chemical reaction.
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| Refined | The refining process turns crude oil into usable forms such as petrol.
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| Single covalent bond | Bond between to two atoms in which each atom shares one electron.
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| Soluble | A soluble substance dissolves in a liquid, e.g. sugar is soluble in water.
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| Solute | A substance which dissolves in a liquid.
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| Solution | When a solute dissolves in a solvent, a solution forms.
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| Solvent | A liquid which dissolves a substance.
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| Substrate | Molecules at the start of a chemical reaction.
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| Chromatography | A method for splitting up a substance to identify compounds and check for purity.
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Created by:
Brimsham
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