American Planning History
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show | 1) Rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest
2) The largest single act of national pln in our history and the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic (Daniel Elazar)
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1790 US Census | show 🗑
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show | 1) Authored by Alexander Hamilton
2) Argued protective tariffs for mfg industry to promote industrial dev in the young republic
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1803 The Louisiana Territory | show 🗑
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show | 1) Speech by Henry Clay
2) Proposed to allocate fed funds to promote dev of the national economy by combining tariffs w/internal improvements (e.g. rd, canals, other waterways)
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1825 Erie Canal Completed | show 🗑
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1839 National Road terminates in Vandalia, IL | show 🗑
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1855 First Model Tenement | show 🗑
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1862 Homestead Act | show 🗑
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show | 1) Congress authorizes land grants from the Public Domain to the states.
2) Proceeds from the sale to fund colleges teaching agriculture, engineering, and practical arts
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show | 1) Father of American environmentalism
2) Published Man and Nature - explores destructive impact of human action on the natural env and inspires future conservation movements
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show | 1) Adds to the national estate a territory about the size of TX, Montana, and CA combined
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show | 1) Begin planning for Riverside, IL - a planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities
2) Planned communities
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1869 UPRR & Central Pacific RR | show 🗑
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1877 Alfred White | show 🗑
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1878 John Wesley | show 🗑
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show | 1) Wrote "Progress and Poverty" - diminish extreme national wealth and poverty by means of a single tax on land that would capture unearned increment of national dev for public uses
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1879 USGS | show 🗑
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show | 1) Building of industrial town by George Pullman
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show | 1) Wrote "How the Other Half Lives"
2) Led to housing and neighborhood reform
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show | 1) Gave President power to create forest preserves by proclamation
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show | 1) Estab. by John Muir
2) Promote protection and preservation of natural env
3) Muir, a figure in American environmentalism
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1893 World's Columbian Exposition | show 🗑
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show | 1) 1st significant case re: historic preservation
2) Supreme Court ruled acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose
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1897 Forest Mgmt Act | show 🗑
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show | 1) Wrote "Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform" - a source of the Garden City Movement
2) Reissued in 1902 "Garden Cities of Tomorrow"
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1898 Gifford Pinchot | show 🗑
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1901 NY State Tenement House Law | show 🗑
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show | 1) Created fund from sale of public land in the arid states to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irrigation works
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show | 1) By Richard Hurd
2) Economic factors (e.g. accessibility, rent, highest and best use) as determinants of urban land use and structure
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1903 Letchworth | show 🗑
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1903 President T. Roosevelt | show 🗑
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1906 Anttiquities | show 🗑
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show | 1) Fostered movement led by Benjamin Marsh to decentralize NY's dense population
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show | 1) Established by President Roosevelt
2) Encourage multi-use planning in waterway development (e.g. navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, water supply)
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1908 White House Conservation Conference | show 🗑
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show | 1) By Daniel Burnham, also F.A. Delano, C. Wacker, C. Dyer Nortion
2) Sponsored by the Commercial Club of Chicago
3) 1st metropolitan plan in the US
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1909 First National Conference on City Planning | show 🗑
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show | 1) 1st course in city planning established at Harvard's Landscape Architecture Dept
2) Taught by James Sturgis Pray
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show | 1) Wrote "The Principles of Scientific Management" - efficiency movement, including efficiency in city government
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show | 1) Wrote "Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago". 8th grade textbook on City Planning by the Chicago Board of Education
2) 1st formal instruction in city planning below the college level
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show | 1) 1st chair in Civic Design established for Charles Mulford Robinson
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show | 1) Estab Federal Reserve Commission - nation's decentralized central bank to regulate the national money supply in order to provide for econ stability and growth
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1914 Publication of "Carrying Out the City Plan" | show 🗑
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1914 Panama Canal | show 🗑
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1914 Harland Bartholomew | show 🗑
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show | 1) Father of Regional Planning
2) Mentored Lewis Mumford
3) Wrote "Cities in Evolution"
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1916 Nelson P Lewis | show 🗑
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show | 1) 1st comprehensive zoning resolution adopted by NY Board of Estimates
2) Championed by George McAneny & Edward Bassett (Father of Zoning)
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1916 National Park Service | show 🗑
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show | 1) An experimental cooperative ag colony established under the CA State Land Settlment Act
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show | 1) 1st President of American City Planning Institute (will transition to American Institute of Planner and AICP)
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show | 1) Influenced endeavors in public housing
2) Operated at major shipping centers to provide housing for WW1 workers
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show | 1) Combined 3 regional authorities: a) Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, b) Metropolitan Water Board, c) Metropolitan Park Commission
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1921 Budget and Accounting Act | show 🗑
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1921 New Orleans | show 🗑
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show | 1) Estab. Led by Hugh Pomeroy.
2) 1st of its kind.
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show | 1) Adopted. Led by Thomas Adams.
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1922 Pennsylvania Coal Co v. Mahon | show 🗑
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show | 1) Construction began in suburban Cincinnati
2) Mary Emery (founder/benefactor); John Nolen (planner)
3) Features: short blocks, mixed rental/owner housing
4) Foreshadow of New Urbanism movement
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1924 Fairway Farms Experiment | show 🗑
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show | 1) Issued by the US Dept of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover
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show | 1) Neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein & Henry Wright.
2) Built by City Housing Corp under Alexander Bing
3) Located in Queens, NY
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show | 1) Influential essay on regional planning
2) Authors: Lewis Mumford, other members of the Regional Pln Assoc of America (e.g. Catherine Bauer)
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1925 Cincinnati, OH | show 🗑
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1925 Concentric Zone | show 🗑
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show | 1) Later transition to "JAPA"
2) Published by: a) The American City Planning Institute and, 2) The National Conference on City Planning
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1926 Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty | show 🗑
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show | 1) Author: Benton MacKaye, Father of Appalachian Trail
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show | 1) Author: Robert Murray Haig
2) Published in Vol 1 "The Regional Survey of NY and Its Environs"
3) Viewed land use as a function of accessibility
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1928 Radburn, NJ | show 🗑
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show | 1) Author: Clarence Perry
2) Published in Vol 2 "The Regional Survey of NY and Its Environs"
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show | 1) 1st instance of rural zoning
2) Authorized county boards to regulate, restrict and determine the area within which ag, forestry, and recreation may be conducted
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show | 1) Occurred in October. Led to Great Depression.
2) Fostered ideas of public planning on a national scale.
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show | 1) Published in "Regional Plan of NY"
2) Led to the rise of "The New Republic"
3) Highlighted argument between Thomas Adams & L. Mumford re: value of that plan and the meaning of metropolitan planning
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1931 National Land Utilization Conference, Chicago | show 🗑
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show | 1) Established.
2) Purpose: to shore up shaky home financing institutions
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show | 1) Established at the beginning of the Great Depression
2) Purpose: to revive economic activity by extending financial aid to failing financial, industrial, & ag institutions
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show | 1) New Deal begins with a spate of counter-depression measures
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show | 1) Established.
2) Purpose: to save homeowners facing loss through foreclosure
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show | 1) Established in the Interior Dept.
2) Purpose: to assist in the preparation of a comp plan for public works under the direction of F. Delano, C. Merriam, W. Mitchell
3) Successor agency: National Resources Planning Board (abolished 1943)
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1933 Civilian Conservation Corps | show 🗑
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1933 Federal ER Relief Adminstration | show 🗑
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show | 1) Established by Senator G. Norris, directed by D. Lilienthal
2) Purpose: to provide for the unified and multipurpose rehab and redev of the Tennessee Valley
3) Public corporation w/some freedom aspects of a private corporation
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1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act | show 🗑
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1934 American Society of Planning Officials | show 🗑
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show | 1) Established Federal Savings & Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) for insuring saving deposits
2) Established Federal Housing Administration (FHA) for insuring individual home mortgages
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1934 Taylor Grazing Act | show 🗑
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show | 1) Included sections entitled "A Plan for Planning", "Historical Development of Planning in the US"
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show | 1) Establishes the Securities and Exchange Commission and inaugurates some regulatory control over the stock and bond markets to prevent another crash like 1929
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1935 Resettlement Administration | show 🗑
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1935 Publication of "Regional Factors in National Planning" | show 🗑
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show | 1) Passed. Prevention of soil erosion becomes a national priority
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show | 1) Established. Forerunner to National Historic Preservation Act
2) Requires the Secretary of Interior to identify, acquire, and restore qualifying historic sites & properties
3) Fed agencies to consider preservation needs in their programs & plans
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1935 Social Security Act | show 🗑
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1935 Grande Coulee Dam | show 🗑
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1936 Hoover Dam | show 🗑
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1937 Publication of "Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy" | show 🗑
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1937 US Housing Act | show 🗑
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show | 1) Established. Successor to the Resettlement Administration
2) Administrator of many programs to aid the rural poor
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show | 1) "...the planning of unified development of urban communities and their environs, and of states, regions, and the nation, as expressed through...the comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land occupancy and regulation"
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1939 Publication of Homer Hoyt's influential "sector theory" | show 🗑
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1941 Publication of "Local Planning Administration" | show 🗑
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1941 Publication of "Planning Function in Urban Government" | show 🗑
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show | 1) US and allies meet to establish the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
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1944 Serviceman's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) | show 🗑
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show | 1) Predecessor of HUD
2) Created to coordinate fed government's various housing programs
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1947 Park Forest, IL & Levittown, NY | show 🗑
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1947 Secretary George C. Marshall Harvard commencement speech | show 🗑
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1947 Publication "Land Use in Central Boston" | show 🗑
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1947 Publication of "Communitas" | show 🗑
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1949 Housing Act | show 🗑
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show | 1) Established
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show | 1) US Supreme Court upholds right of Washington D.C. Redevelopment Land Agency to condemn properties that are unsightly, though non-deteriorated, if required to achieve objectives of duly established area redevelopment plan
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1954 Brown v. Board of Education | show 🗑
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show | 1) Stressed slum prevention & urban renewal vs. slum clearance & urban redevelopment in the 1949 Act
2) Stimulated general pln for cities under 25,000 population by providing funds under Section 701 -- fostered statewide/interstate/substate regional pln
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1954 Council of Government (COGS) movement | show 🗑
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1954 Publication "Urban Traffic: A Function of Land Use" | show 🗑
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1955 Air Pollution Control Act | show 🗑
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show | 1) Passed. Multi-billion dollar.
2) Purpose: create interstate hwy system linking all state capitals and most cities of 50,000 population or more
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1957 Publication "Standard Industrial Classification" | show 🗑
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1957 Publication "Urban Land Use Planning" | show 🗑
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show | 1) Author: Harvey S. Perloff
2) About intellectual, practical and philosophical basis for the education of city and regional planners
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show | 1) Author: Albert Guttenberg
2) Published in Journal of American Institute of Planners
3) Expands the land use concept by defining and classifying it multi-dimensionally
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1959 Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR) | show 🗑
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1959 American Collegiate Schools of Planning | show 🗑
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1959 St. Lawrence Seaway | show 🗑
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show | 1) Author: Kevin Lynch
2) Defined basic elements of city's"imageability" (e.g. paths, edges, nodes, etc)
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1961 Publication "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" | show 🗑
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1961 Publication "And on the Eight Day" | show 🗑
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show | 1) Hawaii becomes the 1st state to institute statewide zoning
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show | 1) Established by NY, NJ, and PA to foster joint mgmt of the river's water resources
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1962 Urban Growth Simulation Model | show 🗑
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1962 Publication "A Choice Theory of Planning" | show 🗑
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show | 1) Author: Rachel Carson
2) Wakes the nation to the deleterious effects of pesticides on animal, plant and human life
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show | 1) Fairfax County Board of Supervisors establishes VA's 1st residential planned community zone, clearing the way for the creation of Reston, a full-scale, self-contained New Town 18 miles from Washington, DC
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1962 Publication "The City in History" | show 🗑
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show | 1) A new town situated about halfway between Washington and Baltimore
2) Featured some class integration and the neighborhood principle
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show | 1) Author: Melvin Webber
2) Published in Journal of the American Institute of Planners
3) Calls for the profession to widen its scope beyond the traditional land use planning (e.g. embrace social goals and social sciences)
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1964 Publication "The Urban General Plan" | show 🗑
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1964 Civil Rights Act | show 🗑
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1964 Publication "The Federal Bulldozer" | show 🗑
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show | 1) Author: Herbert Gans
2) A study of the consequences for community life in a Boston West End Italian-American community
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show | 1) Signed by President Lyndon Johnson
2) Establishes National Wilderness Preservation System - federal lands designated as "wilderness areas"
3) Prohibit development, settlement, road bldg, and all forms of mechanized transport in such areas
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show | 1) Author: Ira Lowry
2) Published by Rand Corporation
3) One of the earliest and the most influential of urban development models
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show | 1) Occurs when Housing and Home Finance Agency is succeeded by HUD
2) Robert Weaver comes HUD's 1st Secretary and nation's 1st African-American cabinet member
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show | 1) Passed by Congress.
2) Authorizes Federal-Multistate river basin commissions
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show | 1) Establishes a region comprising all of West Virginia and part of 12 other states, plus a planning commission with the power to frame plans and allocate resources
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1965 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act | show 🗑
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show | 1) A seminal historic preservation book
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show | 1) Establishes the National Register of Historic Places
2) Section 106 - protects the preservation of sites and properties threatened by federal activities
3) Creates national Advisory Council on Hist Preservation. Directs each state to appoint a SHPO.
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1966 Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act | show 🗑
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1967 Planning profession's 50th anniversary | show 🗑
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1968 Louis B. Wetmore Amendment | show 🗑
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1968 Intergovernmental Relations Act | show 🗑
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show | 1) Author: Ian McHarg
2) Tied planning to the natural environment
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1969 NEPA | show 🗑
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1969 Publication "American City Planning Since 1890" | show 🗑
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1969 Apollo 11 | show 🗑
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show | 1) 1st Earth Day on January 1
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1970 US EPA | show 🗑
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show | 1) Adopted as the 1st plan in the nation to allocate low and moderate-income housing on a "fair share" basis
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show | 1) Adopted by AIP
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1972 Coastal Zone Management Act | show 🗑
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1972 Clean Water Act | show 🗑
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1972 US State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act | show 🗑
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show | 1) NY high court allows the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth
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show | 1) Symbolizes a nationwide move away from massive, isolating, high-rise structures to a more humane form of public housing architecture: low-rise, less isolated, dispersed
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show | 1) Launched the 1st of several satellites for acquiring high resolution images of the earth's surface
2) Major advancement in efforts to identify, evaluate, develop, and conserve the planet's natural resources
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1973 Endangered Species Act | show 🗑
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show | 1) Reshaped housing policy by replacing the customary categorical grant with the block grant as the principal form of federal aid for local community development, and by creating a rental assistance program for low and middle-income families
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show | 1) Shifts emphasis from traditional land-use planning to advocacy planning
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show | 1) Established
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1977 First exam for AIP memebership | show 🗑
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1978 Penn Central Transportation Co V. City of NY | show 🗑
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show | 1) American Institute of Planners (AIP) and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) merged to become APA
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show | 1) Passed
2) Authorized $725 M for matching grants to rehabilitate parks and other recreational facilities in impoverished local communities
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1979 "Cities of the American West" won the National Book Award | show 🗑
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1980 "Reagan Revolution" begins | show 🗑
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show | 1) Passed
2) Comprehensive Response, Compensation and Liability Act
3) Creates liability for dischargers
4) Taxed polluting industries to estab clean up trust funds
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show | 1) Established to represent the academic branch of the planning profession
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show | 1) Published by ACSP
2) 1st issue -- Vol 1, No 1
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1983 Mt. Laurel Case, NJ | show 🗑
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show | 1) Construction begins. One of the earliest examples of New Urbanism
2) Designed by: Andres Duany & Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
3) New Urbanism emphasizes urban features: compactness, walkability, mixed-use
4) Anti-sprawl, smart growth movement
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1986 1st National Conference on American Planning History | show 🗑
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1987 First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles | show 🗑
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Nollan v. California Coastal Commission | show 🗑
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1989 Planning Accreditation Board (PAB) | show 🗑
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show | 1) Includes provisions for a National Scenic Byways Program and for transportation enhancements, each of which includes a historic preservation component
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show | 1) US Supreme Court limits local and state governments' ability to restrict private property without compensation
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1993 Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Community (EZ/EC) | show 🗑
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show | 1) US Supreme Court rules that a jurisdiction must show that there is a "rough proportionality" between the adverse impacts of a proposed development and the exactions it wishes to impose on the developer
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1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | show 🗑
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show | 1) Purpose: to recognize distinguished individual contributions by longer term AICP members
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2000 President Clinton creates 8 new national monuments in 5 western states | show 🗑
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