Regents Chemistry
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| Acidity | a measure of the hydrogen (hydronium) ion concentration of a solution
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| activated complex | the temporary, intermediate product in a chemical reaction
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| activation energy | the amount of energy needed to form an activated complex from reactants
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| addition polymerization | joining of monomers of unsaturated compounds
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| addition reaction | an organic reaction in which a substance such as hydrogen or a halogen is added to the site of a double or triple bond
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| alcohol | a organic compound containing the hydroxyl group (-OH) as the functional group
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| aldehyde | an organic compound in which the carbonyl group (-C=O) is at the end of a carbon chain
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| alkali metal | an element of group 1
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| alkaline earth metal | an element of group 2
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| alkalinity | a measure of the hydroxide ion concentration of a solution
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| alkane | one of the homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons
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| alkyl group | a group that contains one less hydrogen atom than an alkane with the same number of carbon atoms
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| alkene | one of the homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain one triple covalent bond
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| alkyne | one of the homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain one triple covalent bond
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| allotrope | one of two or more different forms of an element in the same phase
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| alloy | a homogeneous mixture of a metal with another element, usually another metal
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| alpha particle | a helium nucleus
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| amide | the product obtained form the reaction of an organic acid with an amine
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| amine | an ammonia derivative in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by an alkyl group
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| amino acid | an organic compound containing both the amine group (-NH2) and the carboxylic group (-COOH)
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| analysis | a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down (decomposed) into simpler substances
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| anode | the site in an electrochemical cell where oxidation occurs
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| Arrhenius acid | a substance that produces hydronium ions (H3O+) as the only positive ions when dissolved in water.
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| Arrhenius acid | a substance that produces hydronium ions (OH-) as only negative ions when dissolved in water
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| artificial transmutation | a transmutation caused by bombarding a nucleus with a high-energy particle, such as a neutron or an alpha particle
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| asymmetrical molecule | a molecule that lacks identical atomic structure on each side of an axis
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| atom | the smallest particle of an element that can enter into a chemical reaction
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| atomic mass | the average mass of all the isotopes in a sample of an element
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| atomic mass unit | one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom`
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| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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| atomic radius | half the distance between two adjacent atoms in a crystal or half the distance between nuclei of identical atoms bonded together
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| Avogardo's number | the number of representative particles contained in on mole of a substance; equal to 6.02x10^23 particles
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| beta particles | high-energy electrons whose source is an atomic nucleus
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| boiling point | the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressute
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| catalyst | a substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed
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| cathode | the site in an electrochemical cell where reduction occurs
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| chemical change | a reaction in which the composition of a substance is changed
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| chemistry | the study of the composition of matter and changes that occur in it
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| coefficient | the number placed before a formula indicating the number of units of that substance
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| collision theory | for a chemical reaction to occur, reactant particles must collide
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| combustion | an exothermic reaction with oxygen, releasing heat
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| compund | a substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions by mass
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| condensation | an exothermic process in which a vapor or a gas changes into the liquid phase; the potential energy of the substances decreases during this constant temperature process; the reverse of the vaporization process
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| condensation polymerization | the bonding of monomers by removing water from hydroxyl groups and joining the monomers by an ether or ester linkage
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| conductivity | a measure of the ability of an electric current to flow through a substance
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| conjugate acid-base pair | a pair of chemical formulas that differ only by the presence of a hydrogen ion
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| covalent bond | a bond formed by the sharing electrons between two nuclei
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| decomposition | a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler substances
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| deposition | the process in which a gas changes directly into a solid; the reverse of sublimation
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| diatomic molecule | a molecule containing two identical atoms
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| double covalent bond | the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two nuclei
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| double replacement | a chemical reaction in which ions exchange places
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| ductility | property of a metal that enables it to be drawn into a wire
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| electrochemical cell | a system in which there is an electric current flowing while a chemical reaction occurs
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| electrode | the site at which oxidation or reduction occurs; an anode or cathode
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| electrolysis | a process in which an electric current forces a non-spontaneous redox reaction to occur
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| electrolyte | a substance whose water solution conducts an electric current
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| electrolytic cell | a cell that requires electricity to cause a non-spontaneous redox reaction to occur
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| electron | a fundamental particle of matter having a negative charge
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| electron configuration | the distribution of the electrons in an atom
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| electronegativity | a measure of the attraction of the nucleus for a bonded electron
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| element | substances that cannot be broken down or decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means
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| empirical formula | the simplest integer ratio in which atoms combine to form a compound
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| endothermic | a chemical reaction that absorbs heat, producing products with more potential energy than reactants
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| entropy | a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system
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| equilibrium | a condition in which the rates of opposing reactions are equal
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| equilibrium expression | a mathematical expression that shows the relationship of reactants and products of a system at equilibrium
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| ester | the organic product of an esterification reaction containing
-COOC- as the functional group
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| esterification | a chemical reaction between an alcohol and an acid to produce an ester and water
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| ether | an organic compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon atoms (R1-O-R2)
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| evaporation | the process by which molecules in the liquid phase escape into gaseous phase
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| excited state | the condition that exists when the electrons of an atom occupy higher energy levels while lowers levels are vacant
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| exthermic | a chemical reaction that releases heat, producing products with less potential energy that the reactants
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| family | a vertical colomn on the periodic table
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| fermentation | an organic reaction in which ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced from a carbohydrate
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| fission | splitting of large nuclei into middle-weight nuclei and neutrons
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| formula point | the sum of atomic masses of all atoms present
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| freezing point | the temperature at which both solid and liquid phases of a substance exist in equilibrium; the same temperature as th substance's melting point
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| freezing | the constant temperature process in which particles in the liquid phase lose energy and change into solid phase; also known as solidification; the reverse of the melting phase
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| functional group | the atoms or atoms that replaces a hydrogen in the hydrocarbon and give a class of organic compounds characteristics properties
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| fusion | the constant temperature process in which particles in the solid phase gain enough energy to break away into the liquid phase; also known as melting; the reverse of the freezing process
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| gamma ray | high-energy ray similar th an X-ray
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| gaseous phase | a phase of matter without definite shape or volume
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| gram formula mass | the formula mass expressed in grams instead of atomic mass units
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| ground state | the condition of an atom or ion in which the electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels
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| group | a verticle column on the periodic table
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| half-life | the length of time for the half of a given sample of a radioisotope to decay
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| half-reaction | a reaction that shows either the oxidation or reduction portion of a redox reaction
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| halide | a salt that includes a halogen
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| halogen | an element of Group 17
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| heat | energy transferred from one substance to another; measured in units of calories or joules
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| heat of fusion | the amount of heat needed to convert a unit mass of a substance from a liquid to a vapor at its boiling point
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| heterogeneous | a mixture in which the particles are not uniformly mixed
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| homogeneous | a substance in which the particles are uniformly mixed
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| homologous series | a group of related compounds in which each member differs from the one before it by the same additional unit
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| hydrate | the crystalline form of an ionic substance that contains a definite number of water molecules
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| hydrocarbon | organic compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
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| hydrogen bond | the attraction of a hydrogen atom in one molecule for an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom in another molecule
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| hydrogen ion | a hydrogen atom without its electron (consisiting solely of a proton)
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| hydronium ion | H3O+, formed by the combination of water with a hydrogen ion
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| hydroxide ion | the polyatomic anion produced by the ionization of a water molecule
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| hydroxyl group | the group comprised of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom (-OH) responsible for the properties of alcohols
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| indicator | a substance that undergoes a color change that can be used to determine when a reaction is complete
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| inert gas group | former name of the Group 18 noble gases
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| insoluble | material with a low solubility
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| ionic bond | a bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
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| ionic radius | the distance from the nucleus to the outer energy level of the ion
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| ionization energy | the amount of energy needed to remove the most loosely bound electron from a neutral gaseous atom
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| isomers | compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement
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| isotope | atom of an element that has a specific number of protons and neutrons
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| ketone | an organic compound in which the carbonyl group (-C=O) is joined to two other carbon atoms
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| kinetic molecular theory | a theory used to explain the behavior of gases in terms of the motion of their particles
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| law of conservation of mass | matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemcial reactions
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| law of definite proportions | types of atoms in a compound exist in a fixed ration
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| Le Châtelier's principle | a system at equilibrium will react to reduce a stress
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| Lewis dot diagram | a diagram the depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol (representing the nucleus and nonvalence electrons) of the element
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| liquid phase | a phase of matter having definite volume but no definite shape (takes the shape of its container)
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| malleability | the property of metals that allows them to be hammered into shapes
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| mass number | the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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| matter | anything that has mass and volume
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| melting point | the temperature at which both the solid and liquid phases exist in equilibrium; the same temperature as the substance's freezing point
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| metal | element whose atoms lose electrons in chemical reactions to become positive ions
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| metallic bond | the attraction of valence electrons for the positive kernels of matellic atoms
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| metalloid | an element that has both metallic and nonmetallic properties
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| molarity | the concentration of a substance in moles per liter of solution
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| mole | the number of atoms of carbon present in 12.000g of carbon-12
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| molecular formula | the actual ratio of the atoms in a molecule
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| molecule | the smallest unit of a covalently bonded substance that has the properties of that substance
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| monomer | each individual unit of a polymer
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| multiple covalent bond | a double or triple covalent bond
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| neutralization | the reaction between an acid and a base to produce water and a salt
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| neutron | the unchanged particle in the nucleus of an atom
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| noble gas | a nonreactive element that is in Group 18 on the periodic table
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| nonmetal | element whose atoms will gain or share electrons in chemical reactions
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| nonpolar covalent bond | a bond formed by the equal sharing of a pair of electrons between two nuclei
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| nucleus | the dense, positively charged central core of an atom
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| octet of electrons | the stable valence electron configuration of eight electrons
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| orbital | a region in an atom in which an element of a particular amount of energy is most likely to be located
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| organic acid | an organic compound containing one or more carboxyl group (-COOH)
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| organic halide | an organic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an atom of a halogen; also known as as a halocarbon
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| oxidation number (state) | number assigned to keep track of electron gain or loss in redox reactions
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| oxidation | the loss of electrons and an increase in oxidation state
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| oxidizing agent | the substance reduced in a redox reaction
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| parts per million | the ratio between the parts of solute per million parts of solution
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| percent by volume | the concentration of a solution expressed as the ratio between the volume of the solute and total volume of the solution, expressed as a percent
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| percent mass | the concentration of a solution expressed as the ratio between the mass of the solute and the total mass of the solution, expressed as a percent
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| percentage composition | the composition of a compound as a percentage of each element compared with the total mass of the compound
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| period | a horizontal row of the periodic table
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| periodic law | the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
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| pH scale | a logarithmic scale that emasures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scare of 1-14
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| pH | the negative logarithm of a solution's hydrogen ion concentration
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| physical change | a change that does not alter the chemical properties of a substance
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| polar covalent bond | a bond formed by the unequal sharing of electrons between two nuclei
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| polyatomic ion | a covalently bonded group of atoms that have a net electric charge
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| polymer | organic compound made up of chains of smaller units bonded together
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| polymerization | an organic reaction in which many small units are joined together to form a long chain
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| positron | a particle identical to an electron except that it has a positive charge
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| potential energy diagram | a diagram showing the changes in potential energy as a reaction proceeds
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| primary alcohol | an alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom at the end of a chain
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| product | a substance formed in a chemical reaction, shown to the right of the arrow in an equation
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| proton | the positivly charged particle in the nuclus of an atom
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| pure substance | a compound or an element; a material in which the composition is the same throughout
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| qualitative | information that cannot be counted or measured
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| quantitative | information that can be either counted or measured
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| quantum number | on of a set of four numbers that describes a property of an electron in an atom
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| quantum theory | a concept that relates the chemical behavior of atoms to energy being transfered in discrete units called quanta
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| radioisotope | an unstable nucleus that is radioactive
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| reactant | a starting substance in a reaction, shown to the left of the arrow in an equation
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| redox | an oxidation-reduction reaction
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| reducing agent | the substance oxidized in a redox reaction
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| reduction | the gain of electrons and the loss of oxidation number
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| salt | the product (other than water) of a neutralization reaction; an ionic substance consisting of a metalication and anion other than the hydroxide ion
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| salt bridge | a part of a voltaic cell that connects two containers and allows the flow of ions
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| saponification | the reaction of an alkali and a fat to produce glycerol and a soap
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| saturated | (solution) a solution containing the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve at a given temperature; (Organic) organic compounds containing only single covalent bonds
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| secondary alcohol | an alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is attached to two other carbon atoms
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| single covalent bond | only one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms
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| single replacement | a reaction in which an elment replaces a less reactive element in a compound
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| solid phase | a phase of matter having a definite shape and volume; particles in this phase have a definite crystalline arrangement
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| salubility | a measure of how much solute will dissolve in a certain amount of solvent at a specific temperature
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| soluble | material with high salubility
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| solute | the substance being dissolved
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| solution | a homogeneous mixture of substances in the same physical state
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| solvent | the substance that dissolves the solute
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| stress | any changein concentration, pressure, or temperature on an equilibrium system
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| sublimation | the process in which a solid changes directly inot a gas; the reverse of deposition
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| subscript | the number written after a chemical symbol in a formula indicating the number of atoms present
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| substitution reaction | one or more hydrogen atoms is removed from a saturated hydrocarbo and replaced by another
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| supersaturated | a solution tha contains more solute than ould dissolve in a saturated solution at a given temperature
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| symbol | a one-, two- or three-letter designation of an element
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| symmetric molecule | a molecule with identical atomic structure on each side of an axis
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| synthesis | a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form one product
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| temperature | the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's particles
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| tertiary alcohol | an alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is attached to thress other carbon atoms
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| titration | the process of determining the concentration of an unkown solution by a reaction with a solution of known concentration
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| tracer | a radioisotope used to track a chemical reation
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| transmutation | the changing of a nucleus of one element into that of a different element
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| triple bond | the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two nuclei
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| unstaturated | (solution) a solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature; (organic) an organic compound containing one or more double or triple covalent bonds
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| valence electrons | the electrons in the outer energy level of an atom
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| vapor | the gaseous state of a substance that is normally a liquid at room temperature
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| vapor pressure | the pressure that a vapor exerts
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| vaporization | the constant temperature process in which particles in the liquid phase gain enough energy to break away from the gaseous phase; also known as boiling; the reverse of the condensaiion process
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| voltaic cell | an electrochemical cell in which a spontaneous chemical reaction causes a flow of electrons
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| wave-mechanical model | the current model of the atom that deals with the wave-particle duality of nature
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