Key words for C1
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| Atom | The smallest part of an element that can still be recognised as an element.
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| Atomic Number | The number of protons (which equals the number of electrons) in an atom. It is sometimes called the proton number.
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| Compound | A substance made when two or more elements are chemically bonded together. For example water, H2O, is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen.
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| Covalent Bond | The attraction between two atoms that share one, or more, pairs of electrons.
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| Covalent Bonding | The attraction between two atoms that share one, or more, pairs of electrons.
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| Delocalised Electron | Bonding electron that is no longer associated with any one particular atom.
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| Dot and Cross Diagram | A drawing to show the arrangement of the outer shell electrons only of the atoms or ions in a substance.
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| Double Bond | A covalent bond made by the sharing of two pairs of electrons.
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| Electron | A tiny particle with a negative charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus in atoms or ions.
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| Electronic Structure | A set of numbers to show the arrangement of electrons in their shells or energy levels. E.g. the electronic structure of a potassium atom is 2,8,8,1.
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| Element | A substance made up of only one type of atom. An element can not be broken down chemically into any simpler substance.
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| Energy Level (or Shell) | An area in an atom, around its nucleus, where the electrons are found.
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| Shell (or Energy Level) | An area in an atom, around its nucleus, where the electrons are found.
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| Gas | A state of matter.
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| Inert | Unreactive.
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| Ion | A charged particle formed by the loss or gain of electrons.
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| Ionic Bond | The electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
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| Ionic Bonding | The electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
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| Liquid | A state of matter.
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| Mass Number | The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
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| Mixture | When some elements or compounds are mixed together and intermingle but do not react together. (i.e. no new substance is made). A mixture is not a pure substance.
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| Molecule | A group of atoms bonded together, e.g. PCl3.
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| Neutron | A dense particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is electrically neutral, carrying no charge.
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| Nucleus ( of an atom) | The very small and dense central part of an atom which contains protons and neutrons.
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| Product | A substance made as a result of a chemical reaction.
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| Proton | A tiny positive particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
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| Reactant | A substance we start with before a chemical reaction takes place.
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| Solid | A state of matter.
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| State Symbol | The abbreviations used in balanced symbol equations to show to show if reactants or products are solids (s), liquids (l), gases (g) or dissolved in water (aq)
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| Symbol Equation | A balanced chemical equation showing the formula of each reactant and product in the reaction. E.g. H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl
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| Calcium carbonate which rock does it make up? What is it’s formula? | The main compound found in limestone. It is a white solid whose chemical formula is CaCO3.
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| Calcium hydroxide-How is it made? What is it used for? | A white solid made by reacting calcium oxide with water. It is used as a cheap alkali in industry.
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| Calcium oxide-How is it made?What is it’s chemical fomula? | A white solid made by heating limestone strongly e.g. in a lime kiln.Chemical formula is CaO
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| What is cement? | A building material made by heating limestone and clay.
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| What is concrete? | A building material made by mixing cement, sand and aggregate (crushed rock) with water.
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| What is the test for carbon dioxide gas? | Add limewater and it turns milky/cloudy/white.
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| What is limewater? | The common name for calcium hydroxide solution- used as a test for carbon dioxide gas.
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| What is mortar and how is it made? | A building material used to bind bricks together. It is made by mixing cement and sand with water.
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| What is thermal decomposition? | The breakdown of a compound by heat.
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| The process by which limestone is turned in to calcium oxide is called……? | Thermal decomposition.
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| What is an alloy? | A mixture of metals (and sometimes non-metals) e.g. Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc.
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| What is brass? | An alloy of copper and zinc.
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| Describe the properties of aluminium and what it is use for. | A low density, corrosion resistant metal use in many alloys, including those used in the aircraft industry.
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| What is bioleaching? | The process of extracting metals from low grade ores using micro-organisms.
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| What is a blast furnace used for? | The blast furnace is the huge reaction vessel used in industry to remove iron from it’s ore.
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| What is carbon steel? | Alloy of iron containing small, controlled amounts, of carbon.
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| What is cast iron? | The impure iron taken directly from the blast furnace.
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| What is a copper rich ore? | A rock that contains a high proportion of a copper compound.
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| What is a high-alloy steel? | An expensive alloy of iron mixed with relatively high proportions of other metals e.g. stainless steel which contains nickel and chromium along with the iron.
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| What is a low-alloy steel? | An alloy of iron containing small amounts (1-5%) of other metals.
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| What is an ore? | A rock which contains enough metal to make it economically viable to extract the metal.
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| What is oxidation? | A reaction when oxygen is added to a substance (or electrons are lost)
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| What is phytomining? | The process of extracting metals from low grade ores using plants.
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| What is the reactivity series? | A list of elements in order of their reactivity. The most reactive element is put at the top of the list.
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| What is the process by which one element takes the place of another, less reactive element? | Displacment/Displace.
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| What is meant by “displace”? | When one element takes the place of another in a compound. For example iron + copper sulphate = iron sulphate + copper.
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| What is reduction? | A reaction in which oxygen is removed (or electrons gained).
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| What is a shape metal alloy? | A mixture of metals which responds to changes in temperature?
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| What is smelting? | Heating a metal ore in order to extract its metal.
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| What is stainless steel? | A chromium/ nickel alloy of iron which does not rust.
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| What is steel? | An alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon or other metals, such as nickel or chromium, added.
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| What is titanium? | A shiny, corrosion resistant, metal used to make alloys.
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| Alkane | Saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH(2n+2) . E.g. methane, ethane and propane.
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| Alkene | Unsaturated hydrocarbon which contains a C-C double bond. Its general formula is CnH2n. e.g. ethane, C2H4.
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| Biodiesel | Fuel made from animal or plant products.
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| Biofuel | Fuel made from animal or plant products.
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| Cracking | The process used in the oil industry to break down large hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones. This occurs when the hydrocarbon vapour is either is passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and heated to a high temperature.
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| Distillation | Separation of a liquid from a mixture by evaporation then condensation.
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| Ethene | An alkene with the formula C2H4.
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| Fermentation | The reaction in which enzymes in yeast turn sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
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| Fraction | Hydrocarbons with similar boiling points separated from crude oil.
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| Fractional Distillation | A way to separate liquids from a mixture of liquids by boiling off the substances at different temperatures, then condensing and collecting the liquids.
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| Global Dimming | The reflection of sunlight by tiny solid particles in the air.
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| Global Warming | The increasing of the average temperature of the Earth.
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| Hydration | A reaction in which water (H2O) is chemically added to a compound.
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| Hydrocarbon | A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon.
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| Monomers | Small reactive molecules that react together in repeating sequences to form a very large molecule ( a polymer).
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| Polymer | A substance made from very large molecules made up of many repeating units. (e.g. poly(ethane).
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| Polymerisation | The reaction of monomers to make a polymer.
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| Propene | An alkene with the formula C3H6.
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| Saturated Hydrocarbon | Describes a hydrocarbon that contains as many hydrogens as possible in each molecule.
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| Smart Polymer | Polymers that change in response to changes in their environment.
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| Thermosetting Polymer | Polymer that can form extensive cross-linking between chains, resulting in rigid materials which are heat resistant.
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| Thermosoftening Polymers | Polymer that forms plastics which can be softened by heat, then remoulded into different shapes as they cool down and set.
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| Unsaturated Hydrocarbon | A hydrocarbon whose molecules contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
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| E-number | Number assigned to a food additive that has been approved for use in Europe. It is displayed on food packaging.
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| Emulsifier | A substance which helps keep immiscible liquids (e.g. oil and water) mixed so that they do not separate out into layers.
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| Emulsion | A mixture of liquids that do not dissolve in each other.
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| Food Additive | A substance added to a food in order to preserve it or to improve its taste, texture or appearance.
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| Hydrogenated Oil | Oil which has had hydrogen added to it to reduce its degree of saturation in the hardening process to make margarine.
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| Hydrophilic | The water loving part of an emulsifier molecule.
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| Hydrophobic | The water-hating hydrocarbon part of an emulsifier molecule.
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| Unsaturated Oil | Plant oil whose molecules contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
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| Vegetable Oil | Oil extracted from plants.
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| Atmosphere | The relatively thin layer of gases that surround planet Earth.
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| Convection Currents | The circular motion of matter caused by heating in fluids.
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| Core | The centre of the Earth.
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| Crust | The outer solid layer of the Earth.
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| Mantle | The layer of the Earth between its crust and its core.
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| Tectonic Plates | The huge slabs of rock that make up the Earth’s crust and top part of its mantle.
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| Wind | Moving Air.
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