soc 100 ch. 12
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| Endogamy | marriage to someone within one's social group
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| Exogamy | marriage to someone outside one's social group
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| Monogamy | the practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse
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| Polygamy | the practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time
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| Polyandry | the practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously
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| Polygyny | the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously
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| Nuclear Family | familial form consisting of a father, mother, and their children
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| Extended Family | kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family
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| Cohabitation | living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning
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| Kinship Networks | strings of relationships between people related by blood and co-residence (that is, marriage)
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| Cult of Domesticity | the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing
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| Why did the 'traditional family' become to standard marker of normalcy? | The development of the family was tied to the development of modernity, state formation, and the rise of the modern economy.
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| Characterizations of Early Modern Families | relied heavily on support from kinship networks
little division of labor; men and women held the same types of jobs inside and outside the home
children were seen as 'little adults
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| Characterizations of Industrial Era Families | separation of work and home life
division of labor between men and women; men worked outside the home, women worked inside the home
not as much reliance on kinship ties
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| Second Shift | term coined by Arlie Hochschild
women's responsibility for housework and child care - everything from cooking dinner, doing laundry, bathing children, reading them bedtime stories, etc
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| Civil Unions | legally recognized unions explicitly intended to offer similar state-provided legal rights and benefits as marriage
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| Domestic Partnerships | legally recognized unions that guarantee only select rights to same-sex couples
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| Miscegenation | the technical term for multiracial marriage, literally meaning 'a mixing of kinds;' it is politically and historically charged - sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage
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| Blended Families | when two individual family units are integrated (also called stepfamily - stepparents and stepchildren); can be the result of divorce or death of one spouse and remarriage
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| Characterizations of Families after WWII | fertility boom resulting in larger size families
increase in teenage pregnancies
declinei n women's workforce participation as many women returned to being fulltime homemakers
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| "Subtle Revolution" | term coined by Kathleen Gerson
women's participation in workforce as increased dramatically
fertility rates (or birthrates) have plummeted
marriage rates have declined
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| Functions of Marriage and the Nuclear Family | Sexual regulation
Economic cooperation
Reproduction
Socialization
Emotional support
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| Loving v. Virginia | 1967 supreme court case that ended ani miscegenation laws (laws that said that interracial couples could not marry)
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| The Industrial Revolution created a division between work and home. | Menw ere associated with the public wage-earning work
Women were regulated to the private world of managing a household and raising children, work for which they were not paid
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| Several factors have brought about significant changes in the organization of work and family life since the 1970s | Increasing divorce rates
Decreasing marriage and fertility rates
Increasing participants of women in the workforce
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| Feminist theorists | gender roles are learned in the family. The family can be a battleground for power over decisions about chores, housing, raising children, spending money, and so on.
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| Latino families | Strong family and community ties
Adherence to traditional gender roles
Devout Catholicism
High marriage rates
Low divorce rates
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| Marriage resources | financial assets, status, values, tastes, and knowledge
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| Third parties | families, neighborhoods, communities, and religious institutions
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| Demographic factors | size and sex ratio of groups you belong to and the social composition of the local marriage market
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| artificial insemination | donors sperm is inserted in a woman's vaginal canal or uterus during ovulation
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| Surrogate motherhood | donors sperm is used to artificially inseminate a woman who has signed a contract to surrender the child at birth.
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| In vitro fertilization | eggs are surgically removed from a woman and joined with sperm in a culture dish, the embryo is transferred back in the women's uterus
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| various screening techniques | used on sperm and fetuses to increase the change of giving birth to a baby of the desired sex and end problematic pregnancies.
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| Common couple violence | occurs when partners have a specific argument and one partners lashed out physically
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| Intimate terrorism | is a general desire of one partner to control the other
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| Violent resistance | typically involves a women violently defending herself against a man who has engaged in intimate terrorism
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| The divorce rate in the United States ________ | has been rising steadily since the nineteenth century.
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| Talcott Parsons’ claim that the nuclear family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society’s need for productive workers (men) and child rearers (women) is an example of a ________ approach to sociology. | functionalist
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| The nuclear family consists of ________ | a father and mother and their biological children.
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| Which of the following are characteristics of the preindustrial family? | Families produced the food, clothing, and other goods they needed to survive.
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| According to welfare critics, ________ sets in for many welfare recipients, and they become so used to receiving government aid that they lose interest in looking for work and trying to get off welfare rolls. | a cycle of dependency
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| A civil union is ________ | a legally recognized union that offers similar state-provided legal rights and benefits provided by marriage.
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| The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, help with house cleaning, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of what? | how gender roles are learned at home
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| parents divorced when she was 5 years old. By the time she was 8, both her parents had remarried and she had two step-siblings on her father’s side and a half-brother on her mother’s side. Josephine’s two new families are examples of what type of family | a blended family
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| Which of the following scenarios represents a common gender imbalance of domestic chores in the United States? | Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year.
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| ________ is marriage outside one’s social group. | Exogamy
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| Kinship networks are ________ | strings of relationships between people related by blood and marriage.
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| In the last few decades, women have joined the workforce in greater numbers and their earning power has increased. What has happened to the sharing of domestic responsibilities between men and women? | Women still take on a greater share of domestic tasks than their male partners.
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| How did the Industrial Revolution affect the division of labor between men and women, especially among middle-class families? | Men began to work outside the home for a wage, while women stayed at home to manage the household and raise children.
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| What is the most frequent form of family violence? | siblings abusing siblings
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| What is the general consensus among sociologists about the effects of divorce on children? | There is no consensus amongst sociologists; study findings vary widely.
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| Some Mormon fundamentalists continue the practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time. Generally, this takes the form of a man having several wives, which is called ________ | polygyny.
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| How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families? | as a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities
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| The second shift can best be defined as ________ | the varied domestic tasks that women generally take care of for their families in addition to whatever paid work they do outside the home.
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| The most politically and religiously conservative states in the United States have the highest levels of divorce. How does the interview with sociologist Andrew Cherlin help explain this seemingly contradictory finding? | Personal economics, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor.
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| How does the welfare system trap women who want to move off welfare rolls? | Most women face lower earnings and fewer benefits when they move from welfare to work.
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