A&P II Test 1
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What is a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body? | show 🗑
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Secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body? | show 🗑
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Secrete their products (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells rather into ducts? | show 🗑
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show | neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses.
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Endocrine system: mediator molecules? | show 🗑
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Nervous system: site of mediator action? | show 🗑
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Endocrine system: site of mediator action? | show 🗑
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Nervous system: types of target cells? | show 🗑
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show | cells throughout body.
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show | typically within milliseconds (thousandths of a second).
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show | seconds to hours or days.
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show | generally briefer (milliseconds).
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Endocrine system: duration of action? | show 🗑
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show | lipid soluble and water soluble.
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Lipid soluble hormones include | show 🗑
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show | amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones, and eicosanoid hormones.
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Hormones influence their target cells by what? | show 🗑
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If a hormone is present in excess, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease an effect called what? | show 🗑
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Down-regulation makes a target cell _________ to a hormone. | show 🗑
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When a hormone is deficient, the number of receptors may increase this is known as what? | show 🗑
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show | more sensitive.
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show | signals from the nervous system, chemical changes in the blood, and other hormones.
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What gland was called the master gland and why? | show 🗑
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We now know that the pituitary gland itself has a master- | show 🗑
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show | regulation of virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis.
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What gland has a pea shaped structure that measures 1-1.5cm in diameter and lies in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone? | show 🗑
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The pituitary gland attaches to the hypophyseal by a stalk, which is called what? | show 🗑
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show | adenohypophysis.
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show | pars distaslis and pars tuberalis.
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show | neurohyophysis.
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show | pars nervosa and pars intermedia.
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show | a free lipid soluble hormone molecule diffuses form the blood, through interstitial fluid, and through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane into a cell.
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Mechanism of action of the lipid soluble steroid hormones and thyroid hormones (2) | show 🗑
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show | as the DNA is transcribed, new messenger RNA (mRNA) forms, leaves the nucleus, and enters the cytosol. There, it directs synthesis of a new protein, often an enzyme on the ribosomes.
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Mechanism of action of the lipid soluble steroid hormones and thyroid hormones (4) | show 🗑
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show | binding of hormone (first messenger) to its receptor activates G protein, which activates adenylate cyclase.
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show | adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP). Because the enzyme's activate site is on the inner surface of the plasma membrane, this reaction occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
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show | cyclic AMP (the second messenger) activates one or more protein kinases, which may be free in the cytosol or bound to the plasma membrane. A protein kinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group to) other cellular proteins.
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show | activated protein kinases phosphorylate one or more cellular proteins. Phosphorylation activates some of these proteins and inactivates others, rather like turning a switch on or off.
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Mechanism of action of the water soluble hormones (amines, peptides, proteins, eicosanoids) (5) | show 🗑
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Mechanism of action of the water soluble hormones (amines, peptides, proteins, eicosanoids) (6) | show 🗑
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The responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends on | show 🗑
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show | (1) signals from the nervous system, (2) chemical changes in the blood, and (3) other hormones.
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Human growth hormone (hGH) is secreted by | show 🗑
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by | show 🗑
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show | gonadotrophs.
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Lutenizing hormone (LH) is secreted by | show 🗑
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show | lactotrophs.
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by | show 🗑
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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by | show 🗑
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Human growth hormone stimulates several tissues to secrete | show 🗑
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show | estrogens and progesterone and the maturation of oocytes in the ovaries, and they stimulate sperm production and secretion of testosterone in the testes.
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show | milk production in the mammary glands.
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ACTH stimulates the | show 🗑
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show | liver.
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show | thyroid gland.
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Target tissue for FSH? | show 🗑
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show | ovaries and testes.
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Target tissue for PRL? | show 🗑
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Target tissue for ACTH? | show 🗑
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show | brain.
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show | just inferior to the larynx (voice box).
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Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the | show 🗑
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show | number and activity of osteoclasts.
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The adrenal cortex is subdivided into three zones, which are | show 🗑
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show | zona glomerulosa.
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In the zona glomerulosa; the cells are closely packed and arranged in spherical clusters and arched columns, secrete hormones called | show 🗑
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What is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex? | show 🗑
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show | glucocortcoids.
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show | zona reticularis.
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show | weak androgens, steroid hormones that have masculinizing effects.
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show | protein breakdown, glucose formation, lipolysis, resistance to stress, anti-inflammatory effects, depression of immune responses.
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show | epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete what? | show 🗑
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Beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete what? | show 🗑
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Delta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete what? | show 🗑
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show | pancreatic polypeptide.
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show | it is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline.
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What does the pineal gland secrete? | show 🗑
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Melatonin appears to contribute to the what? | show 🗑
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Where is the thymus located? | show 🗑
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A liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix? | show 🗑
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Is the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood? | show 🗑
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show | transportation, regulation, protection.
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show | blood plasma and formed elements.
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show | blood plasma.
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show | albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen.
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Formed elements consist of what in blood? | show 🗑
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What are the different types of white blood cells? | show 🗑
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show | hematocrit.
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Polycythemia? | show 🗑
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show | abnormal increases in RBC production, tissue hypoxia, dehydration, and blood doping or the use of EPO by athletes.
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The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called | show 🗑
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show | increases the number of red blood cell precursors.
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Where is EPO produced? | show 🗑
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Thrombopoietin (TPO) is what? | show 🗑
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What is oxygen carrying protein? | show 🗑
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show | 120 days because of the wear and tear their plasma membranes undergo as they squeeze through blood capillaries.
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show | erythropoiesis.
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Created by:
danreid