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A&P II Test 1

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
What is a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body?   show
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Secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body?   show
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Secrete their products (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells rather into ducts?   show
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show neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses.  
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Endocrine system: mediator molecules?   show
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Nervous system: site of mediator action?   show
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Endocrine system: site of mediator action?   show
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Nervous system: types of target cells?   show
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show cells throughout body.  
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show typically within milliseconds (thousandths of a second).  
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show seconds to hours or days.  
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show generally briefer (milliseconds).  
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Endocrine system: duration of action?   show
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show lipid soluble and water soluble.  
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Lipid soluble hormones include   show
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show amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones, and eicosanoid hormones.  
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Hormones influence their target cells by what?   show
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If a hormone is present in excess, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease an effect called what?   show
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Down-regulation makes a target cell _________ to a hormone.   show
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When a hormone is deficient, the number of receptors may increase this is known as what?   show
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show more sensitive.  
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show signals from the nervous system, chemical changes in the blood, and other hormones.  
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What gland was called the master gland and why?   show
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We now know that the pituitary gland itself has a master-   show
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show regulation of virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis.  
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What gland has a pea shaped structure that measures 1-1.5cm in diameter and lies in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?   show
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The pituitary gland attaches to the hypophyseal by a stalk, which is called what?   show
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show adenohypophysis.  
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show pars distaslis and pars tuberalis.  
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show neurohyophysis.  
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show pars nervosa and pars intermedia.  
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show a free lipid soluble hormone molecule diffuses form the blood, through interstitial fluid, and through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane into a cell.  
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Mechanism of action of the lipid soluble steroid hormones and thyroid hormones (2)   show
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show as the DNA is transcribed, new messenger RNA (mRNA) forms, leaves the nucleus, and enters the cytosol. There, it directs synthesis of a new protein, often an enzyme on the ribosomes.  
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Mechanism of action of the lipid soluble steroid hormones and thyroid hormones (4)   show
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show binding of hormone (first messenger) to its receptor activates G protein, which activates adenylate cyclase.  
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show adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP). Because the enzyme's activate site is on the inner surface of the plasma membrane, this reaction occurs in the cytosol of the cell.  
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show cyclic AMP (the second messenger) activates one or more protein kinases, which may be free in the cytosol or bound to the plasma membrane. A protein kinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group to) other cellular proteins.  
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show activated protein kinases phosphorylate one or more cellular proteins. Phosphorylation activates some of these proteins and inactivates others, rather like turning a switch on or off.  
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Mechanism of action of the water soluble hormones (amines, peptides, proteins, eicosanoids) (5)   show
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Mechanism of action of the water soluble hormones (amines, peptides, proteins, eicosanoids) (6)   show
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The responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends on   show
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show (1) signals from the nervous system, (2) chemical changes in the blood, and (3) other hormones.  
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Human growth hormone (hGH) is secreted by   show
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by   show
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show gonadotrophs.  
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Lutenizing hormone (LH) is secreted by   show
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show lactotrophs.  
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by   show
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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by   show
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Human growth hormone stimulates several tissues to secrete   show
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show estrogens and progesterone and the maturation of oocytes in the ovaries, and they stimulate sperm production and secretion of testosterone in the testes.  
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show milk production in the mammary glands.  
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ACTH stimulates the   show
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show liver.  
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show thyroid gland.  
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Target tissue for FSH?   show
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show ovaries and testes.  
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Target tissue for PRL?   show
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Target tissue for ACTH?   show
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show brain.  
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show just inferior to the larynx (voice box).  
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Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the   show
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show number and activity of osteoclasts.  
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The adrenal cortex is subdivided into three zones, which are   show
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show zona glomerulosa.  
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In the zona glomerulosa; the cells are closely packed and arranged in spherical clusters and arched columns, secrete hormones called   show
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What is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex?   show
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show glucocortcoids.  
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show zona reticularis.  
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show weak androgens, steroid hormones that have masculinizing effects.  
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show protein breakdown, glucose formation, lipolysis, resistance to stress, anti-inflammatory effects, depression of immune responses.  
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show epinephrine and norepinephrine.  
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Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete what?   show
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Beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete what?   show
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Delta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete what?   show
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show pancreatic polypeptide.  
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show it is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline.  
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What does the pineal gland secrete?   show
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Melatonin appears to contribute to the what?   show
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Where is the thymus located?   show
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A liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix?   show
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Is the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood?   show
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show transportation, regulation, protection.  
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show blood plasma and formed elements.  
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show blood plasma.  
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show albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen.  
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Formed elements consist of what in blood?   show
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What are the different types of white blood cells?   show
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show hematocrit.  
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Polycythemia?   show
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show abnormal increases in RBC production, tissue hypoxia, dehydration, and blood doping or the use of EPO by athletes.  
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The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called   show
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show increases the number of red blood cell precursors.  
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Where is EPO produced?   show
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Thrombopoietin (TPO) is what?   show
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What is oxygen carrying protein?   show
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show 120 days because of the wear and tear their plasma membranes undergo as they squeeze through blood capillaries.  
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show erythropoiesis.  
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