preparation for the round one of the brain bee. Neuroscience
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| show | 1.5kg
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| show | brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Made up of neurons and glial cells.
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| What do motor neurons do? (1) | show 🗑
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| What do interneurons do? (1) | show 🗑
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| What do glial cells do? (1) | show 🗑
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| show | cell body, axon, dendrite. synapse.
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| show | detect and respond to internal and external environment.
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| show | hind brain, mid-brain and diencephalon.
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| the diencephalon is divided into two parts - what are they? (1) | show 🗑
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| the cerebral hemispheres consist of what? (1) | show 🗑
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| show | a fibrous connection between the left and right hemispheres.
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| show | Ramon y Cajal.
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| Activity in a neuron is both.... what? (2) | show 🗑
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| show | information only goes in one direction. Dendrite receives, then cell body, then axons transmit.
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| What is a dendritic spine? (2) | show 🗑
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| How big is a synaptic gap? (2) | show 🗑
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| show | currents that come into the neuron cell (exictation) or flow out (inhibition). the sum of these determines whether a message is passed on or not.
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| show | the transmission of electrical pulses through a neuron. It is an all or nothing event.
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| What does the myelin sheath do? (2) | show 🗑
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| What did Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley discover? (2) | show 🗑
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| show | they insulate the electrical transmission of the nerve from its surroundings.
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| show | In the synaptic vesicles in the endings of the axons
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| show | ion-channels that let in calcium (Ca++)
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| show | Into the 20 nanometre synaptic cleft (aka the synaptic gap) where they interact with the receptors of the next neuron.
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| show | They have transporters, which clear the chemical messengers out of the way before the next action potential comes.
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| The interaction of neurotransmitters with receptors can be described a lock and key. Why? (3) | show 🗑
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| What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain? (3) | show 🗑
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| show | GABA and glycine.
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| How long does a synaptic transmission take? (3) | show 🗑
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| Metabotropic receptors are messengers that modulate activity in the neuron. What are they called? (3) | show 🗑
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| Which was the first neurotransmitters to be discovered? (3) | show 🗑
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| show | dopamine.
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| the effect of alcohol on the brain is....(4) | show 🗑
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| the effect of nicotine on the brain is...(4) | show 🗑
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| show | control of muscles and regulation of pain. Strong link with schizophrenia.
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| the effect of amphetamines on the brain is...(4) | show 🗑
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| the effect of heroin on the brain is ... (4) | show 🗑
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| show | releases dopamine and serotonin.
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| What are names of the 4 sensory receptors embedded in the dermal layers of the skin? (5) | show 🗑
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| show | The area of skin over which each individual receptor responds.
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| show | They go via the relay stations for touch in the medulla and the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex.
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| show | The homunculus. It has a distorted shape because it reflects the fact that some parts of the body have more receptors than others.
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| What is the two point discrimination test? (5) | show 🗑
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| show | They respond to the information that they receive via cross-talk between sensory and motor systems which begin at the first relays in the spinal cord.
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| What is cortical plasticity? (5) | show 🗑
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| show | They respond to pain in two different ways - A fibres are fast non-myelinated while B fibres are fine, slow and non-myelinated. They have parallel pathways to the cerebral cortex (localisation of pain and emotional aspect of pain)
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| What are the two functions of pain? (5) | show 🗑
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| What is the pain mechanism that can be modified to suppress pain? (5) | show 🗑
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| What is the pain mechanism that can be modified to enhance pain? (5) | show 🗑
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| show | Met-enkaphalin is a type of endorphin and it acts on the same receptors that morphine works on.
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| How does the eye work to turn light into vision? (6) | show 🗑
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| What are rods and cones? (6) | show 🗑
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| Orientation selectivity and plasticity are present in the receptive field in the visual cortex. Who discovered this? (6) | show 🗑
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| show | Each eye sends information that it receives to the visual area of the brain, therefore these cells can respond to an image in either eye.
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| show | A person is not able to see, but can reach for things with accuracy. It reflects possible parallel pathways to parts of the cortex.
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| show | that there are different kinds of processing going on at different stages of visual analysis. The brain has to interpret motion, colour and shape based on the sensory evidence provided.
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| Give two famous examples of visual illusions that help us understand visual processing. (6) | show 🗑
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| show | a small group of motor neurons whose axons attach to muscle fibres within one muscle. This makes muscles contract and produces force and movement.
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| What are the parts of the brain are involved in controlling movements? (7) | show 🗑
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| What do mirror neurons do? (7) | show 🗑
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| show | It is a thin strip of tissue that runs across the surface of the brain (where headphones would sit)
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| What is parietal neglect? (7) | show 🗑
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| show | Crucial in the initiation of movements, but it is not clear how. They seem to be a complex filter of information from the cortex. They respond to the neurotransmitter dopamine.
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| What does the cerebellum do? (7) | show 🗑
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| show | Parkinson's Disease. Causes tremors and difficulty in initiating movements. Caused by the neurons not working in the substantia nigra and not releasing dopamine.
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| show | It is part of the cerebellum and its dendrites have lots of branches (aborisation) in order to receive the many inputs from other parts of the cortex.
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| show | 40,000
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| Why is the fruit fly Drosophila important to our knowledge of human genes? (8) | show 🗑
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| What other animals have been important to the study of brain development? (8) | show 🗑
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| What is the first step in brain development? (8) | show 🗑
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| show | individual cells stop dividing and take on specific characteristics - such as neurons or glial cells. This is ordered spatially.
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| show | It is formed at 3 weeks gestation and is a small group of cells - the front will become the brain and the rear the spinal cord.
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| show | At 4 weeks gestation, the neural plate rolls up and closes into a tube that is enveloped by the future epidermis.
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| show | Failure of the neural tube to completely close at the lower end.
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| show | Failure of the neural tube to completely close at the top end.
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| What is a sonic hedgehog? (8) | show 🗑
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| What does a growth cone do? (8) | show 🗑
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| show | that the development of neurons has critical periods for development after which the patterns are set. This is determined by electrical activity of the neurons.
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| show | cells that have the potential to change into any sort of cell. They are involved in the research into Parkinson Disease.
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| show | There are 44 phonemes
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| What proportion of people have dyslexia? (9) | show 🗑
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| Reading depends on 2 things: being able to recognise alphabetic visual symbols in the right order - This is known as ...?... and it is combined with ..?... (9) | show 🗑
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| show | This large network of neurons takes visual control of the eye movement system. It has a cucial role in keeping the eyes steadily on each letter in turn. - the motion error signal.
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| What is a phoneme? (9) | show 🗑
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| The ability of the brain to change is called...what? (10) | show 🗑
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| The use it or lost it principle refers to... what? (10) | show 🗑
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| The normal electrical response to chemical transmitters is called the measure of ...(10) | show 🗑
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| show | long term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)
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| show | AMPA, NMDA and kainate and a fourth called mGluR. They all respond to the glutamate but have different functions.
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| show | AMPA and NMDA. AMPA fires first and fastest. These stimulate the NMDA to create changes in the synapse. aka = learning.
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