Key terms
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| abnormal behavior | Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a long period of time.
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| Agoraphobia | A cluster of fears centered on public places and on an inability to escape or to find help should one become incapacitated.
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| anxiety disorders | Psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.
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| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | Psychological disorder in which the individual shows one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
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| bipolar disorder | A mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania (an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state).
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| Catatonia | A state of immobility and unresponsiveness.
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| catatonic schizophrenia | A type of schizophrenia characterized by bizarre motor behavior that sometimes takes the form of a completely immobile stupor.
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| Delusions | False, sometimes even preposterous, beliefs that are not part of the person's culture.
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| depressive disorders | Mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression (an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life).
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| diathesis-stress model | A model of schizophrenia that proposes a combination of biogenetic disposition and stress as the cause of the disorder.
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| disorganized schizophrenia | A type of schizophrenia in which an individual has delusions and hallucinations that have little or no recognizable meaning.
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| dissociative amnesia | A dissociative disorder involving extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress.
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| dissociative disorders | Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.
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| dissociative fugue | A dissociative disorder in which the individual not only develops amnesia but also unexpectedly travels away from home and assumes a new identity.
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| dissociative identity disorder (DID) | Formerly called multiple personality disorder, this is the most dramatic but least common dissociative disorder; individuals suffering from this disorder have two or more distinct personalities or selves.
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| DSM-IV | Abbreviation for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; the current version of the APA’s major classification of psychological disorders.
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| dysthymic disorder | A depressive disorder that is generally more chronic and has fewer symptoms than major depressive disorder.
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| flat affect | A negative symptom in which the person shows little or no emotion, speaks without emotional inflection, and maintains an immobile facial expression.
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| generalized anxiety disorder | An anxiety disorder that consists of persistent anxiety for at least 6 months; the individual with this disorder cannot specify the reasons for the anxiety.
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| Hallucinations | Sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli
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| major depressive disorder (MDD) | A mood disorder indicated by a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, lasting at least 2 weeks.
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| medical model | A biological approach that describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin.
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| mood disorders | Psychological disorders in which there is a primary disturbance in mood (prolonged emotion that colors the individual's entire emotional state). Two main types are the depressive disorders and bipolar disorder.
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | An anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away (obsession) and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation (compulsion).
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| panic disorder | An anxiety disorder marked by recurrent sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror.
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| paranoid schizophrenia | A type of schizophrenia that is characterized by delusions of reference, grandeur, and persecution.
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| personality disorders | Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into the individual's personality.
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| phobic disorder | Commonly called phobia, an anxiety disorder in which the individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.
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| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | An anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, severely oppressive situations, severe abuse, and natural and unnatural disasters.
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| referential thinking | Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events.
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| Schizophrenia | A severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes.
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| undifferentiated schizophrenia | A type of schizophrenia that is characterized by disorganized behavior, hallucinations, delusions, and incoherence.
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