PIC Stage Check
Help!
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| SRM | ADM, RM, TM, AM, CFIT, SA
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| 5P Checklists | Plan, plane, pilot, programming, passengers-- Preflight, pre takeoff, mid-point, precedent, pre approach
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| Flight Instruments (GRABCARD) | Generator/Alternator, Radio/ 2-way, Altimeter (+/- 75 feet), Ball, Clock w/ second hand, Attitude Indicator, Rate of turn/slip, Directional Gyro and everything VFR day and night
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| How does airspeed indicator work? | Difference in dynamic pressure (RAM air) and static pressure (static port)
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| Altimeter | Aneroid wafers (3 of them) sense outside pressure
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| VSI | Diaphragm mesures trend of pressure (that is why it is delayed)
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| Ground Speed: | True airspeed corrected for wind
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| True airspeed | Speed relative to air around plane
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| Indicated Airspeed | Off instrument
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| Calibrated Airspeed | Indicated airspeed corrected for position error
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| Equivalent airspeed | the speed at sea level that would produce the same incompressible dynamic pressure as the true airspeed at the altitude at which the vehicle is flying.
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| Gyroscopic Intsruments: | Attitude, heading indicator, slip/skid
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| Modes of GPS | En route (+/- 2 NM w/ WAAS, +/- 5 NM) , Approach (+/- .3 NM, 2 NM within IAF), Terminal (+/- 1 NM, initiates within 30 NM of airport)
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| 3 P's | Perceive, process, perform
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| Approach modes | LOC, VOR, GPS courses
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| Instrument Currency Requirements | In the preceding 6 months: 6 approaches, holding, navigation and tracking
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| Decent Planning | - 3:1 rule= distance
- GS (x) 5 = Rate of decent
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| Airport Environment | Threshold, threshold markings, threshold lights, runway, runway markings, runway lights, TDZ, TDZ markings, TDZ lights, VASI (visual approach slope indicator)/ PAPI (Precision approach path indicator), ALS
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| Requirements to land IFR | 1. Normal Position to Land
2. Flight Visibility is met
3. Airport environment in sight
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| Radio Failure procedure | Route: AVEF, Assigned, Vectored, Expected, Filed, chronological order
Altitude: MEA, MEA, Expected Assigned, Highest of the three
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| Position report items | ID, Position, Time, Altitude, Type of Flight Plan, ETA to next point, Name of next reporting station, pertinent remarks/ safety
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| ULTRACALMS: last one is compulsory reporting point for non-radar | Unforecast weather, leaving holding fix, true airspeed changes 5% of 10 KTAS, reach holding fix, altitude change, climb/decent 500'/ min, Altitude change VFR on top, lost comms/nav, missed approach, safety
Non- Radar: ETA +/- 3 minutes, FAF outer marker
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| What to report to ATC when NAV equipment failure occurs: | 1. ID
2. Whats broken/ degree effected
3. Ability to operate IFR
4. Assistance from ATC
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| How do LOW radio waves travel? | Long wavelengths which allow to travel over obscurations, follow curve of earth, known as "ground wave"
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| How do HIGH radio waves travel? | Short wavelengths, go from earth's surface to the sky and get reflected back to earth
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| Benefit and downfall from high frequency waves | (+) Less likely to be interfered with, accurate, fast
(-) Line of Sight is required
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| NDB | Non-directional beacon
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| Classes of NDBs: | - Locator- 15 NM
- MH- medium high- 25 NM
- H- high- 50 NM
- HH- high high- 75 NM
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| Magnetic bearing: | The heading that points the plane directly to the NDB
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| Relative bearing: | Angle formed from the nose of the aircraft to the NDB
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| Fixed-card ADF: | Displays magnetic heading, 0 is always on top
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| Rotatable- card ADF: | Magnetic Bearing, slaved to compass
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| What is RMI | Radio Magnetic Indicator: Similar to movable card ADF, automatically adjusts itself to the present aircraft heading
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| Homing? | Keeping the nose pointed directly to the station
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| Tracking? | Compensating for possible wind drift
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| Bracketing? | Find the wind correction angle
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| How do you confirm the NDB is working properly? | Morse code identifier, consistently
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| Define VOR and frequency range | Very high frequency omnidirectional radio: Short range radio navigation using 108.00- 117.95 MhZ`
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| Describe VOR airborne equipment | VOR receiver, a horizontal oriented antenna, and a VHF receiver
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| Pilot induced VOR errors: | Careless tuning, turning in wrong direction, failure to check TO/FROM indicator, chasing CDI, reverse sensing
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| Maximum permissible error for VOR checks: | VOT/ dual: +/- 4 degrees
Air: +/- 6
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| Phases of VOR: | Reference: Beacon
Variable: Spins
Measures distance/ time between the two
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| What does each dot represent on the deviation scale for VOR? | 2 degrees deviation
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| What are standard VOR service volumes? | Terminal Service- 25 NM, 12,000 ft.
Low Altitude- 40 NM, FL180
High Altitude- Draw!! Learn
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| How to intercept a VOR? | TITPIT- Tune, identify, twist, parallel, intercept, track
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| HSI? | Horizontal Situation Indicator: Used for approched/ glide path
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| DME | Distance Measuring Equipment
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| VORTAC? | A VOR and a tactical air navigation system which measures distance through AZIMUTH
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| How does the pilot know if the DME transmitter has failed in a VOR/DME? | Morse Identifier for DME goes once every 30 seconds it has failed
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| Pitot Static Instruments: | Altimeter, VSI, Airspeed
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| Different types of altitude? | Indicated Altitude, True Altitude (AGL), Absolute Altitude (MSL), Presure altitude (29.92), Density altitude (pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temp.)
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| What happens if the Pitot-tube freezes over? | The airspeed indicator with indicate zero
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| What happens if static port is blocked? | Airspeed is inaccurate, altitude freezes, VSI will zero out.
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| Two principles of GYROSCOPIC system | Precession, rigidity in space
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| How does the magnetic compass work? | Uses Earth's magnetic fields to find direction in liquid
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| What does GPS stand for and what is it? | Global Positionting System: 24 Satellites in space that precisely indicate location on Earth
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| What can GPS replace? | DME FIX, Flying a DME arc, NDB, position over NDB fix, holding over a nbd
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| What does RAIM stand for and what is its purpose? | Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring: Makes sure signals and not corrupt/ needs 5 satellites
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| Why might one be required to hold? | Climbing, weather, missed approach, delay an aircraft
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| Different locations a pilot may have to hold | NDB, VOR, GPS waypoint
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| Standard holding pattern: | Right turns, 4 minutes
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| Non-Standard: | Left turns
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| What is included in ATC holding instructions? | Direction of holding from the fix in terms of the cardinal directions, holding fix, radial, leg lengths if GPS is being used, direction of turn, EFC
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| How long does it take to hold above 14,000 MSL | 5 minutes
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| How do you compensate for wind? | Multiple with correction from inbound by 3 for outbound leg
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| Maximum airspeeds while holding: | 0-6000 MSL: 200 KIAS
6001- 14,000 MSL: 230 KIAS
14001 and above: 265 KIAS
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| Weather products used for flight planning? | METAR, FA, Winds aloft, radar, prog chart, AIRMETS/ SIGMETS, PIREPS,
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| Types of icing? | Induction, sturctural
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| Types of Ice: | Clear, rime, mixed, frost
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| What is EFAS? | En route flight advisory service- 122.00 6 AM- 10PM
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| What is HIWAS? | Hazardous inflight weather advisory service
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| What is a composite flight plan? | When a flight plan is a combination of VFR, IFR, or DVFR
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| Alternate airport | 1, 2, 3 rule
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| How often are enroute low- altitude charts published? | 56 days
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| STUDY CHART SYMBOLS |
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| MEA | Minimum en route altitude
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| MOCA | Minimum obstacle clearance altitude
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| MCA | Minimum crossing altitude
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| MRA | Minimum reception altitude
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| MAA | Highest altitude for adequate reception
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| OROCA | Off-route obstacle clearance altitude
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| What minimum altitudes apply to IFR when no minimum has been prescribed? | 1000 ft- non-mountaneous
2000 ft- mountainous
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| What is VFR on top clearance? | Must follow both VFR and IFR rules, VFR altitudes
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| Supplemental Oxygene regulations | 12500-14000: longer than 30 minutes, must give to pilots
14000-15000: crew must have
15000 and above: crew and passengers
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| What is a clearance release and void time | Release: take off after
Void: take off before
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| What are segments of the approach? | 1. Initial approach
2. Intermediate approach
3. Final approach
4. Missed approach
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| What is the purpose of each segment? | 1. Align with final approach course
2. Speed checks, pre-landing
3. Landing, allows decent to MDA/DH
4. Missed approach procedure
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| 3 examples of non-precision approach | VOR, NDB, LNAV
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| 2 examples of precision approach | ILS, JPACS (joint precision approach and landing system)
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| 3 types of procedure turns | Standard (45/ 180)
Racetrack
Teardrop
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| How is the approach category of an aircraft determined? | Vref or 1.3 times Vso
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| When flying a circular approach at 100 KIAS how close should you be to the airport? | 1.3 NM
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| What are the 7 t's? | Time, turn, twist, throttle, talk, tires, ten
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| CRM? | Set of training procedures for use in environments where human error can have devastating effects, CRM focuses on interpersonal, communication, leadership, and decision making in the cockpit
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| IMSAFE checklist | Illness, medication, stress, alchohol, fatigue, eating
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| PAVE | pilot, airplane, environment, external factors
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| DECIDE | detect, estimate, choose, identify, do, evalutate
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