Stack #179084
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| myos/o | muscles; make body movement possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, and produce body heat
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| fasci/o | Fascia; Cover, support, and separate muscles
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| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | Tendons, Attach muscle to bone
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| tendon | narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
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| Achilles tendon | attaches the gastrocnemius muscle (the major muscle of the calf of the leg) to the heel bone
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| aponeurosis (ap-oh-new-ROH-sis) | flat fibrous sheet of connective tissue that is very similar to a tendon; however, attaches a muscle to bone or to other tissues
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| Skeletal muscles | attach to the bones of the skeleton and are the muscles that make possible body motions such as walking and smiling; also called striated and voluntary muscles
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| Smooth muscles | located in the walls of internal organs ie. digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands; function to move and control flow of fluids through these structures; also called unstriated, involuntary or visceral muscles
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| myocardium | muscle that forms the muscular wall of the heart
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| Cardiac muscle | specialized tissue that is like striated muscle in its appearance, but like smooth muscle in its action; the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that causes the heartbeat
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| Kinesiology (kih-nee-see-OL-oh-jee) | is the study of muscular activity and the resulting movement of body parts
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| Antagonistic | to work in opposition to each other
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| Contraction | the tightening of a muscle. As the muscle contracts it becomes shorter and thicker causing the belly (center) of the muscle to enlarge
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| Relaxation | occurs when a muscle returns to its original form. As the muscle relaxes it becomes longer and thinner and the belly is no longer enlarged
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| tonus (TOH-nus) | Muscle tone; the normal state of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) required to hold the body in an awake position
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| Muscle innervation (in-err-VAY-shun) | is the stimulation of the muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. This stimulation causes the muscle to contract. When the stimulation stops, the muscle relaxes
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| Neuromuscular (new-roh-MUS-kyou-lar) | pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle. If the nerve impulse is interrupted due to injury or pathology of the nervous system, the muscle is paralyzed and cannot contract
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| Range of motion (ROM) | the change in joint position that is produced by muscle movements; these muscle motions occur as pairs of opposites
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| Abduction | moves away from the midline
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| Adduction | moves toward the midline
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| Flexion | decreases an angle as in bending a joint
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| Extension | increases an angle as in straightening a joint
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| Elevation | raises a body part
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| Depression | lowers a body part
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| Rotation | turns a bone on its own axis
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| Circumduction | turns at the far end
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| Supination | turns the palm upward or forward
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| Pronation | turns the palm downward or backward
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| Dorsiflexion | bends the foot upward atthe ankle
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| Plantar flexion | bends thefoot downward at the ankle
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| abductor | a muscle that moves a part away from the midline
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| adductor | a muscle that moves a part toward the midline
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| flexor | a muscle that bends a limb at a joint
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| extensor | a muscle that straightens a limb at a joint
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| Hyperextension | the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
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| levator (lee-VAY-tor) | a muscle that raises a body part
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| depressor | a muscle that lowers a body part
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| rotator muscle | turns a body part on its axis
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| axis | the central line of the body or any of its parts
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| rotator cuff | the group of muscles that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint
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| plantar | pertaining to the sole of the foot
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| Muscle origin | the place where the muscle begins (originates). This is the more fixed attachment and/or the end of the muscle nearest the midline of the body
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| Muscle insertion | the place where the muscle ends (inserts). It is the more moveable end and/or the portion of the muscle farthest from the midline of the body
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| sternocleidomastoid (ster-noh-kly-doh-MASS-toid) muscle | helps flex the neck and rotate the head named for its origin and insertion; muscle originates near the midline from the sternum and clavicle & inserts away from the midline into the mastoid process of the temporal bone
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| pectoral (PECK-toh-rahl) | relating to the chest
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| Rectus (RECK-tus) | straight
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| rectus abdominis | abdominal muscle in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
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| Oblique (oh-BLEEK) | slanted or at an angle
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| external abdominal oblique | an abdominal muscle that slants outward, at an oblique angle, away from the midline
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| Transverse | in a crosswise direction
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| transverse abdominis | an abdominal muscle with a crosswise alignment
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| sphincter (SFINK-ter) | a ringlike muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway. A sphincter is named for the passage involved
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| anal sphincter | closes the anus
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| gluteus maximus (GLOO-tee-us) | the largest muscle of the buttock
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| deltoid muscle | forms the muscular shoulder cap, is shaped like an inverted triangle or the Greek letter delta
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| hamstring muscles | located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles; semimembranosus, semitendinosis & biceps femoris muscle
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| orthopedic surgeon | treats injuries and disorders involving bones, joints, muscles, and tendons
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| rheumatologist (roo-mah-TOL-oh-jist) | treats disorders that involve the inflammation of connective tissues including muscles
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| neurologist (new-ROL-oh-jist) | treats the cause of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
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| sports medicine | treats sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
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| physiatrist (fiz-ee-AT-rist) | a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation including treating problems ranging from sore shoulders to spinal cord injuries, with the focus on restoring function
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| cardiologist | treats disorders of the cardiac muscles
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| Fasciitis (fas-ee-EYE-tis) | inflammation of a fascia
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| Tenalgia (ten-AL-jee-ah) | pain in a tendon
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| tenodynia | pain in a tendon
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| Tendinitis (ten-dih-NIGH-tis) tendonitis (ten-doh-NIGH-tis) | an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
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| Overuse tendinitis | an inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
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| adhesion (ad-HEE-zhun) | a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally; may form in muscles and internal organs as the result of an injury or surgery
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| Muscle atrophy (AT-roh-fee) | weakness and wasting away of muscle tissue; may be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time
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| Myalgia (my-AL-jee-ah) | muscle tenderness or pain
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| Myolysis (my-OL-ih-sis) | degeneration (breaking down) of muscle tissue
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| Myositis (my-oh-SIGH-tis) | inflammation of a muscle tissue, especially skeletal muscles
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| Polymyositis (pol-ee-my-oh-SIGH-tis) | a chronic, progressive disease affecting the skeletal muscles that is characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy
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| Myomalacia (my-oh-mah-LAY-shee-ah) | abnormal softening of muscle tissue
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| Myorrhexis (my-oh-RECK-sis) | the rupture of a muscle
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| Myosclerosis (my-oh-skleh-ROH-sis) | abnormal hardening of muscle tissue
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| atrophy (AT-roh-fee) | weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
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| Sarcopenia (sar-koh-PEE-nee-ah) | age-related reduction in skeletal muscles mass in the elderly; weight or resistance training programs can improve muscle mass and slow, but not stop this process
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| hernia (HER-nee-ah) | the protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues normally containing it
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| myocele (MY-oh-seel) | the protrusion of a muscle through its ruptured sheath or fascia
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| -cele | hernia
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| Atonic (ah-TON-ick) | the lack of normal muscle tone
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| Dystonia (dis-TOH-nee-ah) | a condition of abnormal muscle tone
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| Hypertonia (high-per-TOH-nee-ah) | a condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles with increased resistance of muscle to passive stretching
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| Hypotonia (high-poh-TOH-nee-ah) | a condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles with decreased resistance of muscle to passive stretching
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| Myotonia (my-oh-TOH-nee-ah) | the delayed relaxation of a muscle after a strong contraction
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| tax- | coordination
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| Ataxia (ah-TACK-see-ah) | an inability to coordinate the muscles in the execution of voluntary movement
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| Dystaxia (dis-TACK-see-ah) partial ataxia | difficulty in controlling voluntary movement
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| contracture (kon-TRACK-chur) | abnormal shortening of muscles due to permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues ie scaring or lack of use
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| Intermittent claudication (klaw-dih-KAY-shun) | complex of symptoms including cramplike pain of the leg muscles caused by poor circulation and may be an indication of a larger cardiovascular problem
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| spasm | cramp; sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles
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| Spasmodic torticollis (spaz-MOD-ick tor-tih-KOL-is) | wryneck; stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
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| Bradykinesia (brad-ee-kih-NEE-zee-ah or brad-ee-kih-NEE-zhuh) | extreme slowness in movement
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| brady- | slow
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| Dyskinesia (dis-kih-NEE-zee-ah) | distortion or impairment of voluntary movement as in a tic or spasm
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| Hyperkinesia (high-per-kye-NEE-zee-ah) | hyperactivity, means abnormally increased motor function or activity
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| Hypokinesia (high-poh-kye-NEE-zee-ah) | abnormally decreased motor function or activity
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| Tardive dyskinesia (TAHR-div dis-kih-NEE-zee-ah) | the late appearance of dyskinesia as a side effect of long-term treatment with certain antipsychotic drugs
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| Tardive | lateness in appearance
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| -clonus | violent action
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| Myoclonus (my-oh-KLOH-nus or my-OCK-loh-nus) | a spasm or twitching of a muscle or group of muscles
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| Nocturnal myoclonus (nock-TER-nal my-oh-KLOH-nus or my-OCK-loh-nus) | jerking of the limbs that may occur normally as a person is falling asleep
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| Singultus (sing-GUL-tus) | hiccups, is myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm. (The diaphragm is the muscle separating the chest and abdomen.)
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| Myasthenia (my-as-THEE-nee-ah) | muscle weakness from any cause
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| -asthenia | weakness or lack of strength
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| Myasthenia gravis (my-as-THEE-nee-ah GRAH-vis) | MG; chronic autoimmune disease with an abnormality in the neuromuscular function causing episodes of muscle weakness. MG most frequently affects the muscles that control eye movements, eyelids, chewing, swallowing, coughing, and facial expression
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| Muscular dystrophy (DIS-troh-fee) | group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system; most common forms affecting only males, are Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker’s muscular dystrophy (BMD)
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| Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (doo-SHENZ) | appears between 2 to 6 years of age, and progresses slowly; however, survival is rare beyond the late twenties
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| Becker’s muscular dystrophy (BECK-urz) | less severe illness and does not appear until early adolescence or adulthood. The progression is slower with survival well into mid to late adulthood
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| fibro- | fibrous connective tissue
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| Fibromyalgia syndrome (figh-broh-my-AL-jee-ah) | FMS, chronic disorder of unknown cause characterized by widespread aching pain, tender points, and fatigue; does not cause joint deformity, is not progressive, and is not crippling
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| Tender points | abnormal localized areas of soreness, diagnostic indicators of FMS; these points occur at predictable locations at the base of the neck, along the backbone, in front of the hip and elbow, and at the rear of the knee and shoulder
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| ergo- | work
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| nom- | control
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| Repetitive stress disorders | symptoms caused by repetitive motions that involve muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints; most commonly occur as workplace or sports injuries
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| Ergonomics (er-goh-NOM-icks) | study of human factors affecting design and operation of tools and work environment; also applies to design of sports equipment
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| Overuse injuries | occur when minor tissue injuries due to overuse are not given time to heal; may be caused by factors such as spending hours at the keyboard or by lengthy sports training sessions
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| Myofascial damage (my-oh-FASH-ee-ahl) | can be caused by overworking muscles, results in tenderness and swelling of the muscles and their surrounding tissues
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| Rotator cuff tendinitis (ten-dih-NIGH-tis) | inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff; often named for the cause such as tennis shoulder or pitcher’s shoulder
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| Impingement syndrome (im-PINJ-ment) | occurs when the tendons become inflamed and get caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
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| Calcium deposits | may form within the tendons of the rotator cuff; can cause chronic irritation of the tendons
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| Torn tendon | If left untreated, or if the overuse continues, the irritated tendon may weaken and tear
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| carpal tunnel (KAR-pul) | a narrow bony passage under the carpal ligament located 1/4 inch below the inner surface of the wrist; median nerve and the tendons that bend the fingers pass through this tunnel
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| Carpal tunnel syndrome | tendons passing through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen; swelling creates compression (pressure) on median nerve as passes through carpal tunnel causing pain, burning, paresthesia (tingling) in fingers/hand
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| paresthesia | tingling
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| Cervical radiculopathy (rah-dick-you-LOP-ah-thee) | nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region; may be due to muscle spasms due to repetitive motions or can be caused by compression of cervical vertebral disks
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| radiculo- | nerve root
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| Epicondylitis (ep-ih-kon-dih-LYE-tis) | inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
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| Lateral epicondylitis | pain on the outer side of the arm of the forearm, is also known as tennis elbow
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| Medial epicondylitis | pain on the palm-side of the forearm, is also known as golfer’s elbow
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| Heel spurs | associated with plantar fasciitis, benign bony growths on dorsal surface of calcaneus (heel bone); pain due to inflammation of the plantar fascia as it rubs against these bony growths
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| sprain | an injury to a joint such as ankle, knee, or wrist; Frequently caused by overusee involving a stretched or torn ligament
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| strain | injury to the body of the muscle or attachment of the tendon. Strains usually are associated with overuse injuries that involve a stretched or torn muscle or tendon attachment
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| shin splint | pain caused by the muscle tearing away from tibia (shinbone); can develop in anterolateral (front and side) muscles or posteromedial (back and side) muscles of lower leg; This type of injury is usually caused by repeated stress to the lower leg
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| hamstring injury | strain or tear of the posterior femoral muscles; These injuries usually cause sudden pain in the back of the thigh as these muscles contract suddenly
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| Achilles tendinitis (ten-dih-NIGH-tis) | painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on the tendon
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| -paresis | partial or incomplete paralysis
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| hemi- | half
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| -plegia | paralysis
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| Myoparesis (my-oh-PAR-eh-sis) | a weakness or slight paralysis of a muscle
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| Hemiparesis (hem-ee-pah-REE-sis) | means slight paralysis of one side of the body
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| Paralysis (pah-RAL-ih-sis) | loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements through disease or injury to its nerve supply. Damage may be either temporary or permanent
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| spinal cord injury (SCI) | Paralysis is frequently caused by this; prevents nerve impulses from being carried below the level of the injury
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| Paraplegia (par-ah-PLEE-jee-ah) | paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body; An SCI below the cervical vertebrae can cause
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| Quadriplegia (kwad-rih-PLEE-jee-ah) | paralysis of all four extremities; An SCI involving the cervical vertebrae causes quadriplegia. If the injury is above C5, it also affects respiration
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| Hemiplegia (hem-ee-PLEE-jee-ah) | total paralysis of one side of the body; form of paralysis is usually associated with a stroke or brain damage. Damage to one side of the brain causes paralysis on the opposite side of the body
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| Cardioplegia (kar-dee-oh-PLEE-jee-ah) | paralysis of the muscles of the heart
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| Deep tendon reflexes (DTR) | tested with a reflex hammer used to strike the tendon; An abnormal response, or the absence of a response, is an indication of pathology that may be caused by disrupted innervation of the involved muscles
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| Electromyography (ee-leck-troh-my-OG-rah-fee) EMG | records the strength of muscle contractions as the result of electrical stimulation
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| Electroneuromyography (ee-leck-troh-new-roh-my-OG-rah-fee) | nerve conduction studies, is a procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity by the electric stimulation of nerve trunk carrying fibers to and from the muscle
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| Range of motion testing (ROM) | diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength, also one form of PT; goal of these therapeutic measures is to increase strength, flexibility, and mobility
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| anti-inflammatory | ie. ibuprofen (Motrin), acts as an analgesic (relieves pain) and as an anti-inflammatory (relieves inflammation)
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| antispasmodic, anticholinergic drug (an-tih-koh-lin-ER-jik) | acts to control spasmodic activity of the smooth muscles such as those of the intestine
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| Atropine (AT-roh-peen) | an antispasmodic that may be administered preoperatively to relax smooth muscles
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| muscle relaxant | ie. diazepam (Valium), acts on the central nervous system to relax muscle tone and relieve spasms. Many of these medications also relieve anxiety and tension
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| Physical therapy (PT) | treatment to prevent disability or to restore functioning through the use of exercise, heat, massage, and other methods to improve circulation, flexibility, and muscle strength
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| activities of daily living (ADL) | minimum goal of therapy is to restore the individual to the level of self help; , these activities include; Personal hygiene, Dressing, Grooming, Eating, Toileting
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| fasciotomy (fash-ee-OT-oh-mee) | surgical incision of fascia
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| Fascioplasty (FASH-ee-oh-plas-tee) | the surgical repair of a fascia
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| Carpal tunnel release | surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve nerve pressure; used to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves in severe cases of carpal tunnel syndrome
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| tenectomy (teh-NECK-toh-mee) | surgical removal of a lesion from a tendon or tendon sheath
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| Tenodesis (ten-ODD-eh-sis) | to suture the end of a tendon to bone
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| Tenolysis (ten-OL-ih-sis) | to free a tendon from adhesions
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| tenonectomy (ten-oh-NECK-toh-mee) | the surgical removal of part of a tendon for the purpose of shortening it
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| tenotomy (teh-NOT-oh-mee) tendotomy | the surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by abnormal shortening of a muscle such as strabismus
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| Tenoplasty (TEN-oh-plas-tee) tendoplasty | the surgical repair of a tendon
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| Tenorrhaphy (ten-OR-ah-fee) | the suturing of a divided tendon
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| myectomy (my-ECK-toh-mee) | the surgical removal of a portion of a muscle
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| Myoplasty (MY-oh-plas-tee) | the surgical repair of a muscle
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| Myorrhaphy (my-OR-ah-fee) | to suture a muscle wound
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