Age of Absolutism (West)
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| Hapsburg Empire | Started in Austria, built from marriage, $, military, included Spain, the Netherlands, and Holy Roman Empire
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| Philip II | Hapsburg ruler of Spain in 1500's ("century of gold"), defended Catholicism
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| Absolute Monarch | Single hereditary ruler having complete power
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| Divine Right | Belief that monarchs got their power, position from God
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| Armada | Spain/Philip II's fleet, defeated by England/Queen Elizabeth I in 1588
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| Huguenots | French Calvanists (Protestants)
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| Henry IV | Huguenot who became French king, converted to Catholicism
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| Edict of Nantes | issued by Henry IV, gave Huguenots rights of worship, self-protection
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| Cardinal Richelieu | Advisor to Louis XIII (13th), expanded France's influence
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| Louis XIV | The Sun King
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| Versailles | Palace built by Louis XIV, also home to 10,000 nobles
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| Balance of Power | Prevent war in Europe
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| James I | Part of Scotland's ruling Stuart family. Became King of England after Elizabeth I's death. Conflicts with Parliament, Puritans
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| Puritans | Wanted Anglican Church to be more Protestant. Dominated Parliaments House of Commons. Conflicts with Stuart Kings.
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| Charles I | Fought Parliament in English Civil War. Tried and executed as a traitor
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| Oliver Cromwell | Led Parliament's army in the English Civil War. After - ruled as a dictator/Lord Protector
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| English Bill of Rights | Signed by William and Mary. Guarantees of individual rights
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| Limited Monarchy | Government in which a constitution or law making group limits a monarch's power
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| Constitutional Government | Government with powers defined by law
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| Cabinet | group of advisors, heads of different government departments
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| Oligarchy | Government ruled by a small powerful upper class
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| Two main issues of Monarchy and Parliament | 1. Taxes
2. Wars
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| Tudor Monarchs | Henry VIII - Intimidation
Elizabeth I - Political Skill
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| 1603 | Death of Queen Elizabeth I - No Heir!
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| Parliament | Did not make laws - it only consulted on taxes
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| Stuarts | Former ruling family of Scotland, took over England
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| James I | Scotsman (not English)
Catholic
Believed in Divine Right
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| Stuarts issues with Parliament | Puritans - Wanted to make Anglican church less Catholic, included many members of the House of Commons
Enclosure of Land - nobles fenced off their land for their own sheep, closed out smaller lower/middle class farmers
Wars and Taxes
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| Three key elements of Magna Carta | -Even the Monarchy must obey the law
-Early listing of individual rights
-No unfair taxes
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| 1649: What happened to Charles I? | -Fled to Scotland
-Parliament offered ransom
-Scotland handed him over
-Parliament tried him for treason against his own country then beheaded him!
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| Cromwell's Experiments in Government | Commonwealth - Republic (ruled by elected leaders)
Assembly of Saints - elected by local (Puritan) church members
Protectorate - military dictatorship
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| Effects of Cromwell's government (Cromwell as "Lord Protector") | -Religious wars against Catholics in Scotland and Ireland
-Called and dismissed Parliament at will
-Strict Puritan society (dress code, ban on dancing and signing, etc)
-Limits on protest and speech
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| 1660 -Death of Cromwell | Parliament brought back Charles II - "restoration" of the monarchy
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| 1660-1688 - Glorious Revolution | Non-violent change to a constitutional monarchy
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| Development of Political Parties | Tories - stronger monarchy
Whigs - weaker monarchy
Cabinet - advisors/heads of gvt depts
Prime Minister - head of cabinet. Elected by Parliament
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| Elizabeth I | Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
"middle road"
Religion
placed nationalism ahead of Anglican-Catholic conflicts
English Renaissance
Arts and Sciences
established Eng as a sea power
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| Sea Dogs | English Captains who raided Spanish ships
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| Frances Drake | #1 Sea Dog, knighted by Elizabeth I
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| 1588 Spanish Armada | 130 Ships; 27,000 men
English ships were smaller, faster, maneuvered better
1/2 of Armada lost in battle, still more in storms
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| Effects of Armada's defeat | 1. loss of Spanish prestige
2. England became a major power
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| 1550-1650 Siglo de Oro ("Century of Gold") | High point in Spanish arts and literature (like a Spanish Renaissance)
Financed by gold, silver, and other resources from Spanish colonies
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| El Greco | "The Greek"
Trained in Italy
Elongated fingers
"cool" flesh tones
Ancestor of Salvador Dali
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| Diego Velazquez | Court painter for Philip IV
Realistic in detail and feeling
Pioneer of "direct painting"
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| Miguel de Cervantes | Most famous author of Spain's golden century
Don Quixote - pokes fun at medieval chivalry and ideas od nobility and heroism
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| Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) | Raised as a Huguenot (Calvanist)
Attempted to end religious conflicts
Converted to Catholicism to please the French majority
Edict of Nantes
Allowed Huguenots religious freedom
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| 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War | Religious Civil War in the Holy Roman Empire (catholic vs Protestant)
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| Why did Henry VIII work with Parliament? | He constantly needed money for wars
When he split from the Catholic Church, he needed their support
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| What was the Petition of Right? | A document that prohibited the king from raising taxes without Parliament's approval or putting people in prison who hadn't broken any laws
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| What was the result of the English Civil War? | Parliament won; Charles I was executed
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| What was the Commonwealth? | The English republic formed by Oliver Cromwell
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| What was the Glorious Revolution? | A bloodless (non-violent) overthrow of James II
Made England a constitutional monarchy
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| What three political institutions contributed to the evolution of Britain's constitutional government? | Political Parties
Cabinet
Prime Minister
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| How did British society remain divided? | Women and the poor were not allowed to vote or take part in government
Class division was still an issue
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| Why did Charles V divide the Hapsburg Empire? | The empire was too spread out to be ruled by one person
Central empire went to Charles' brother Ferdinand
Spain and the Netherlands to Charles' son Philip II
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| What were Philip II's motivations for waging war? | Enforce rel. unity and defend the Catholic faith against Prot. movements
Keep the Ottoman Empire from getting control of the Mediterranean
Put down Protestant uprisings in the Netherlands
End English attacks on Spanish shipping by preparing an armada
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| What was the Siglo de Oro? | "Century of Gold"/"Golden Century" 1550-1650
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| What rights did the Edict of Nantes extend to Huguenots? | Religious toleration
Allowed them to fortify their towns and have their own armies
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| Why did Louis XIV choose the sun as his symbol? | It represented the idea that he was the center of the nation, just as the sun was known to be the center of the universe
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| How did Louis XIV secure support from the nobility? | Kept them tied to the king through life at Versailles
Exempted them from paying taxes
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| How did Louis' actions weaken France's economy? | Wars cost a lot of money
Persecution of Huguenots took productive people out of the system
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