Chemistry1SemTest
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The energy that results from the breaking or formation of chemical bonds is | chemical energy
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"In any chemical or physical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed" is a statement of the | law of conservation of energy
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The specific heat of a given substance | is unique to that substance
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A temperature that is equivalent to 20 degrees Celsius | 293 K
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For every investigation, the scientific method | is a logical set of procedures
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The reason for organizing, analyzing, and classifying data is | to find relationships among the data
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There are ______ variables represented in the weather graphs | four
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Of the items depicted, only _______ is not a model. | figure d
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A plausible explanation of a body of observed natural phenomena is a scientific | theory
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The matter diagram represent a(n) | theory
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A theory is an accepted explanation of an observed phenomenon until | repeated data and observation conflict with the theory
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Poor precision in scientific measurement may arise from | both human error and the limitations of the measuring instrument
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precision pertains to all of the following except | closeness of a measurement to an accepted value
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Five darts strike near the center of the target. Whoever threw the darts is | both accurate and precise
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A chemist who frequently carries out a complex experiment is likely to have high | precision
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When applied to scientific measurements, the word accuracy and precision | have distinctly different meanings
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When determining the number of significant digits in a measurement, | all nonzero digits are significant
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To two significant figures, the measurement 0.0255 g should be reported as | 0.026 g
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In division and multiplication, the answer must not have more significant figures than the | number in the calculation with the fewest significant figures
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The number of significant figures in the measurement 170.040 km is | 6
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The measurement that has been expressed to four significant figures is | 30.00 mm
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What is the density of 37.72 g of matter whose volume is 6.80 cm ^3 | 5.55 g/cm^3
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The dimensions of a rectangular solid are measured to be 1.27 cm, 1.3 cm, and 2.5 cm. The volume should be recorded as | 4.1 cm^3
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Three samples of 0.12g, 1.8g, and 0.562 g are mixed together. The combined mass of all three samples, expressed to the correct number of significant figures, should be recorded as | 2.5 g
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Expressed in scientific notation, 0.0930 m is | 9.3 ' 10^-2 m.
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When 6.02 ' 10^23 is multiplied by 9.1 ' 10^/31 the product is | 5.5' 10^-7
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The law of conservation of mass follows from the concept that | atoms are indivisible
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The composition of the two oxides of lead, PbO and PbO2, are explained by | law of multiple proportions
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Who first proposed an atomic theory based on scientific knowledge? | John Dalton
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According to Dalton's atomic theory, atoms | of each element are identical in size, mass, and other properites.
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Which of the following is NOT part of Dalton's atomic theory? | The number of protons in an atom is its atomic number.
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The law of definite proportions | was explained by Dalton's atomic theory.
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In a cathode tube, electrical current passes from one electrode, the _______, to the oppositely charged electrode. | cathode
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Experiments with cathode rays led to the discovery of the | electron
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Who explained the behavior of positively charged particles being deflected from a metal foil as the nucleus? | Ernest Rutherford
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In a gold foil experiment, most of the particles fired at the foil | passed through the foil
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The gold foil experiment led to the discovery of the | nucleus
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What did Rutherford conclude about the structure of the atom> | An atom contains a small, dense, positively charged central region
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A nuclear particle that has about the same mass as a proton, but with no electrical charge is called a(n) | neutron
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Which part of an atom has a mass approximately equal to 1/2000 of the mass of a common hydrogen atom? | electron
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The mass of a neutron is | about the same as that of a proton
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The nucleus of most atoms is composed of | tightly packed protons and neutrons
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Protons and neutrons strongly attract when they | are very close together
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An aluminum isotope consists of 13 protons, 13 electrons, and 14 neutrons. Its mass number is | 27
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Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different | masses
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Atoms of the same element that have different masses are called | isotopes
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Isotopes of an element contain different numbers of | neutrons
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When the light from excited atoms of an element is passed through a prism, the distinct colored lines produced are called | line-emission spectra
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Bohr's theory helped explain why | excited hydrogen gas gives off certain colors of light
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According to Bohr's theory, an excited atom would | radiate energy
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If electrons in an atom have the lowest possible energies, the electrons are in their | ground states
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For an electron in an atom to change from the ground state to an excited state | energy must be absorded
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Most of the volume of an atom is occupied by the | electron cloud
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The main energy levels of an atom are indicated by the | principal quantum numbers
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The letter designations for the first four sublevels, with the number of electrons that can be accommodated in each sublevel are | s2; p6; d10; and f14
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The number of obitals for the d sublevel is | 5
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The statement that an electron occupies the lowest available energy orbital is | that aufbau principle
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"Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin" is a statment of | Hund's rule
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The statement that no more than two electrons in the same atom can occupy a single orbital is | the Pauli exclusion principle
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Which of the following rules requires that each of the p orbitals at a particular energy level receive one electron before any of them can have two electrons? | Hund's rule
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Two electrons in the 1s orbital must have different spin quantum numbers to satisfy | the Pauli exclusion principle
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The sequence in which energy sublevels are filled is specific by | aufbau principle
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Which is the ground-state electron configuration for 24 Cr? | [Ar] 4s^1 3d^5
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The carbon-12 atom is assigned a relative mass of exactly | 12 amu
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The abbreviation for atomic mass unit is | amu
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The idea of arranging the elements in a table according to their chemical and physical properties is attributed to | Newlands
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From gaps in his table, Mendeleev predicted the existence of several element and their | properties
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Mendeleev is credited with developing the first successful | periodic table
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The principle that states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers is | the periodic law
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The period law states that | the physical and chemical properties of the elements are functions of their atomic numbers
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Elements in a group or column in the periodic table can be expected to have similar | properties
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The atomic number of sodium, the first element in Period 3, is 11. The atomic number of the second element in this period is | 12
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Elements in a group have similar | electron configurations
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An element that has an electron configuration of [He] 2s^2 2p^3 is in Period _______ of the periodic table | 2
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An element that has an electron of [Ne] 3s^2 3p^3 is in Group ____ of the periodic table. | 15
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To which group of the periodic table do lithium and potassium belong to | alkali metals
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To which group of the periodic table do fluorine and chlorine belong to? | halogens
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The outer electron configuration of an alkali metal has | 1 electron in the s orbital
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The element in Group 17 are known by what name? | halogens
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Transition elements are found in which of the following group(s) of the periodic table? | Groups 3-12
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An element that has four electrons in its outermost s orbital is a member of what group in the periodic table | Group 5
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Moving from left to right across _______, electrons are being added to the 4f orbitals. | the lanthanides
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A property of all the actinides is that they are | Both members of Period 7 and radioactive
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A metal is called malleable if it | can be hammered into sheets
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A solution of two or more metals is | an alloy
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Trends in the properties of elements in a group or period can be explained in terms of | electron configuration
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The effect of inner electrons on the attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons of an atom is called | electron shielding
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Trends in the periodic table indicate that the element with the greatest ionization energy is in which of the following periods and groups? | Period 1, Group 18
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One method of measuring the size of an atom involves calculating a value that is ______ the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms | half
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Going down a group in the periodic table, electron shielding generally causes the effective nuclear charge to | decrease
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Going across a period in the periodic table, electron shielding generally has little effect. As a result, the effective nuclear charge | increases
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Which is the best reason that the atomic radius generally increases with atomic number in each group of elements? | The number of energy levels increases
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For the alkaline-earth metals with the smallest radii have the | highest ionization energies
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Trends in the periodic table indicate that an element in which of the following periods and groups will have the smallest anion (negative ion) radius? | Period 7, Group 1
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Electron affinity tends to | increase across a period and decrease down a group
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The process that changes one element into another different element is called | transmutation
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Which of the following electron configurations belongs to an element that is NOT chemically reactive | 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
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In the compound sodium fluoride, NaF, the sodium atom loses one electron and the fluorine atoms gains one electron to form ions that have electron configurations similar to | neon
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In many compound, atoms of the main-group elements form ions so that the number of electrons in the outermost energy levels of each ion is | 8
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The electron configuration of nitrogen is 1s2 2s2 2p3. How many more electrons does nitrogen need to have an electron configuration similar to neon | 3
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Atoms of copper and iron | tend to form cations
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An anion | is an ion with a negative charge
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When the octet rule is satisfied, the outermost _______ are filled | s and p orbitals
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The elements of the _____ groups satisfy the octet rule without forming compounds | noble gas
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Once an atom has full s and p orbitals in its outermost energy level, | it has a stable octet and is unreactive
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An ion and its parent atom have the same | atomic number
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The energy released when a salt is formed from gaseous ions is called the | lattice energy
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The lattice energy is a measure of the | strength of an ionic bond
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If the lattice energy of compound A is greater than that of compound B, | the bonds in compound A are stronger than the bonds in compound B
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When ions are formed, | energy can be released or absorbed
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When an electron is added to an atom, | energy is usually released
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Which of the following is NOT a property of an ionic compound? | low boiling point
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Compared with ionic compound, molecular compounds | have lower melting points
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The melting points of ionic compound are higher than the melting points of molecular compounds because | attractive forces between ions are greater than the attractive forces between molecules
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Because ions are more strongly attracted in an ionic compound than molecules are attracted in molecular compounds, the melting points of ionic compounds are | higher than the melting points of molecular compounds
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Ionic compounds are brittle because the strong attractive forces | hold the layers in relatively fixed positions
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In the NaCl crystal, each Na+ and Cl- ion has clustered around it ____ of the oppositely charged ions | 6
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In a crystal of an ionic compound, each cation is surrounded by | anions
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A compound that has the same number of positive and negative charges is said to be | electroneutral
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What is the ratio of cations to anions in a compound composed of sodium ions, Na+, and carbonate ions, Co3 (2-charge) | 2 to 1
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The indium (II) ion and indium (III) ion | have charges of 2+ and 3+, respectively
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What is the metallic ion in the compound CuCl2 | Cu 2+
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What is the formula for the compound formed by calcium ions, Ca 2+, and chloride ions, Cl-? | CaCl2
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The chemical formula for an ionic compound represents the | simplest ration of ions that results in an electrically neutral compound
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The symbol HCO3 - represents a | polyatomic ion
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A comparison of calcium sulfate and calcium sulfite shows that | both have a monatomic cation and polyatomic anion
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What is the formula for the compound formed by lead (II) ions and chromate ions, CrO4 2-? | PbCrO4
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What is the formula for the compound formed by aluminum (III) and the sulfate ion, SO4 2-? | Sl2(SO4)3
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What is the formula for the compound formed by tin (IV) and the chromate ion, CrO4 (2- charge) | Sn(CrO4)2
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What is the formula for the compound formed by the barium ion, Ba (2+), and the hydroxide ion, OH (-1)? | Ba(OH)2
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Name the compound Ni(ClO3)2 | nickel chlorate
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Name the compound Zn3(PO4)2 | zinc phosphate
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Name the compound Hg2(NO3)2 | mercury (1) nitrate
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Name the compound KClO3 | potassium chlorate
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Name the compound Fe(NO2)2 | iron (II) nitrite
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Name the compound CuCO3 | copper (II) carbonate
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What is the name of Sn3(PO4)4 | tin(IV) phosphate
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The name of a polyatomic ion that contains hydrogen begins with the term | hydrogen
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The electrons involved in the formation of a covalent bond are | valence electrons
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The chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons is a(n) | covalent bond
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If two covalently bonded atoms move farther that a distance of the bond length, the potential energy of the atoms | increases
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A covalent bond forms when the attraction between two atoms is balanced by repulsion and the potential energy is | at a minimum
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Which of the following compounds most likely has the least bond energy? | I2; I-I bond length = 266 pm
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A nonpolar covalent bond is most likely to form between two elements that have a difference in electronegativity values of | 0.1
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An ionic bond is most likely to form between two elements that have a difference in electronegativity values of | 3.0
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A polar covalent bond is most likely to form between two elements that have a difference in electronegativity values of | 1.5
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Which of the following molecular formulas show that polar nature of the HBr molecule? | H+ Br-
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Which of the following substances most likely has the lowest boiling point? | Cl2
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The correct Lewis structure for the oxygen atom has | two pairs of valence electrons and two single valence electrons
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The correct Lewis structure for the boron atom has | three single valence electrons
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The correct Lewis structure for a Group 18 atom has | four pairs of valence electrons
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The correct Lewis structure for a fluorine atom in a molecule of F2 shows | All of the above
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To draw the Lewis structure of the polyatomic ion, ClO3 - , you would have to _______ those in the structures of Cl, O, O, and O | add one electron to
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In a double bond, two atoms share a total of ______ electrons | four
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The correct Lewis structure for a molecule of the compound C2H2 contains | one triple bond
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To indicate resonance, a ______ is placed between a molecule's resonance structure | double headed arrow
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Which of the following number of atoms can form a tetrahedral molecule | five
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According to VSEPR theory, which of the following shapes is possible for a molecule with the molecular formula AB2 | both linear and bent
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According to the VSEPR theory, which of the following shaoes is possible for a molecule with the molecular formula of AB3 | both trigonal planar and trigonal pyrimidal
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According to the VSEPR theory, a molecule with the molecular formul of A2 is | linear in shape
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According to VSEPR theory, the molecular shape of CO2 is classified as | linear
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According to the VSEPR theory, the molecular shape of H2O is classified as | bent
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Iodine monochloride, ICl, has a higher boiling point than bromine, Br2, partly because ICl is a(n) | polar molecular substance
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The number of atoms in a mole of any pure substance is called | Avogadro's number
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What can be said about 1 mol Ag and 1 mol Au? | They contain the same number of atoms
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An Avogadro's number of any element is equivalent to | 6.022 ' 10^23 particles
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If 0.500 mol a Na+ combines with 0.500 mol of Cl- to form NaCl, how many formula units of NaCl are present | 3.01 ' 10^23
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Using a periodic table, what is the average atomic mass of zinc | 65.39 amu
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The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.008 amu. The reason that this value is not a whole number is that | hydrogen has more than one isotope
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A chemical formula includes the symbols of the elements in the compound and subscripts that indicate | the number of atoms or ions of each type
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How many atoms of fluorine are in a molecule of carbon tetraflouride, CF4? | 4
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Changing a subscript in a correctly written chemical formula | changes the formula so that it no longer represents that compound
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A formula that shows the simplest whole-number ration of the atoms in a compound is the | empirical formula
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The molar mass of an element is the mass of one | mole of the element
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To determine the molar mass of an element, one must know the element's | average atomic mass
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What is the molar mass of magnesium? | 24.305 g
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What is the empirical formula for a compound that is 31.9% potassium, 28.9% chlorine, and 39.2% oxygen | KClO3
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What is the empirical formula for a compound that is 43.6% phosphorus and 56.4% oxygen? | P2O5
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What is the empirical formula for a compound that is 53.3% O and 46.7% Si? | SiO2
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A compound contains 64 g of O and 4g of H. What is the empirical formula for this compound | HO
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A compound contains 259.2 g of F and 40.8 g of C. What is the empirical formula for this compound? | CF4
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What is the empirical formula for a compound that is 36.1% Ca and 63.9% Cl | CaCl2
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A compound contains 27.3 g of C and 72.7 g of O. What is the empirical formula for this compound? | CO2
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To find the molecular formula from the empirical formula, one must determine the compound's | formula mass
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A molecular compound has the empirical formula XY3. Which of the following is a possible molecular formula | X2Y6
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The molecular formula for vitamin C is C6H8O6. What is the empirical formula? | C3H4O3
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A compound's empirical formula is NO2. If the formula mass is 92 amu, what is the molecular formula? | N2O4
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What is the percentage composition of CF4? | 13.6% C, 86.4% F
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What is the percentage composition of CuCl2 | 47.267% Cu, 52.733% Cl
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The percentage of sulfur in SO2 is about 50%. What is the percentage of oxygen in this compound? | 50%
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What is the percentage of OH- in Ca(OH)2 | 45.9%
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The temperature of 323 K is equivalent to | 50 degrees Celsius
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