from DNA to proteins: Translation
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | proteins
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| who was the first person to suggest the existence of a relation between genotype and proteins? | show 🗑
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| the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis proposed what? | show 🗑
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| show | polypeptide
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| all proteins are composed of ______ _____ | show 🗑
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| twenty common amino acids are found in proteins. These amino acids are similar in structure. each consists of a central C atom bonded to what groups? | show 🗑
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| the amino acids in proteins are joined together by _______ bonds to form polypeptide chains | show 🗑
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| show | polarity
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| explain the polarity of polypeptides | show 🗑
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| like that of nucleic acids, the molecular structure of proteins has several levels or organization. Explain the primary structure | show 🗑
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| show | the amino acid sequence (polypeptide chain) folds and twists into the secondary structure
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| show | beta, alpha
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| explain the tertiary structure of a protein | show 🗑
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| two or more polypeptide chains can associate to create a _________ structure | show 🗑
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| show | the amino acid sequence of the protein
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| the set of nucleotides that encodes a single amino acid is called a _______ | show 🗑
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| the genetic code is a ______ code requiring ____ nucleotides per codon to encode all 2o amino acids | show 🗑
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| a codon is therefor... | show 🗑
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| show | Nirenberg and Mathaei
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| show | (the tube in which the protein was radioactively labeled contained newly synthesized protein with the amino acid speciied by the homopolymer.) In this case... UUU specified the amino acid phenylalanin.
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| show | 4^3 = 64 codons
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| show | stop
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| the other 61 codons are called _____ codons and encode amino acids | show 🗑
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| show | because there are 61 sense codons and only 20 different amino acids commonly found in proteins (only 60 codons needed), the code contains more info than is needed to specify the amino acids
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| what does the degeneracy of the genetic code means what? | show 🗑
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| codons that specify the SAME amino acid are said to be __________ | show 🗑
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| show | they bind particular amino acids and deliver them to a ribosome, where the amino acids are then assembled into polypeptide chains
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| show | isoaccepting tRNAs
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| show | that there could be some nonstandard pairings of bases at the third position of a codon (G can pair with C AND with U)
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| wobble at the third position of the codon allows what? | show 🗑
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| concept check: through wobble, a single _______ can pair with more than one ______ | show 🗑
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| the code is generally __________ meaning each nucleotide in an mRNA sequence belongs to a single reading frame | show 🗑
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| each different way of reading the sequence is called a _________ ______ | show 🗑
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| any sequence of nucleotides has _#_ potential reading frames | show 🗑
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| the 3 reading frames have completely different sets of codons and will specify proteins with entirely different amino acid sequences. Thus, it is important for the translational machine to use the correct reading frame. How is the correct one established? | show 🗑
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| show | the first codon of the mRNA to specify an amino acid
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| show | AUG
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| show | successive groups of three nucleotides
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| three codons do not encode amino acids but signal the end of the protein. What are these codons called? | show 🗑
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| what are the three termination codons? | show 🗑
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| show | universal
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| show | translation
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| show | ribosome
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| a ribosome attaches near the _' end of an mRNA strand and moves toward the _' end, translating the codons as it goes | show 🗑
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| show | amino, carboxyl
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| protein synthesis can be divided into 4 stages: | show 🗑
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| show | the binding of amino acids to the tRNAs
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| show | the components necessary for translation are assembled at the ribosome
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| show | amino acids are joined, on at a time, to the growing polypeptide chain
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| show | protein synthesis halts at the termination codon and the translation components are released from the ribosome
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| tRNA charging: although there may be several different tRNAs for a particular amino acid, each tRNA is specific for only one amino acid. The key to specificity between an amino acid and its tRNA is what? | show 🗑
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| show | 20
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| show | recognizes
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| show | ATP (adenosine triphosphate_
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| show | the 5' end
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| initiation comprises of three major steps: first, mRNA binds to what? | show 🗑
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| show | tRNA, mRNA
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| anticodon | show 🗑
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| show | ribosome
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| initiation in bacteria: the functional ribosome of bacteria exists as two subunits: | show 🗑
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| show | joined
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| initiation in bacteria: an mRNA molecules can bind to the small ribosome subunit only when the subunits are separate. What allow initiation factor is responsible for keeping the two subunits from joining? | show 🗑
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| initiation in bacteria: What does the IF-3 do? | show 🗑
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| show | the small ribosomal subunit may now bind to mRNA
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| initiation in bacteria: which other initiation factor enhances the disassociation of the large and small ribosomal subunits? | show 🗑
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| show | initiator tRNA
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| initiation in bacteria: the binding of initiator tRNA to the initiation codon requires which initiation factor? | show 🗑
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| initiation in bacteria: in this step, the initiator tRNA forms a complex with IF-2 and ___ | show 🗑
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| show | 30S intiation complex
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| show | the initation factors disassociate from the small subunit, allowing the large subunit of the ribosome to join the initiation complex
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| initiation in bacteria: when the large subunit has joined the initiation complex, what is the complex called? | show 🗑
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| show | Shine-Dalgarno
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| initiation in eukaryotes: instead, the _' end of the eukaryotic mRNA plays a critical role in the intiation of translation | show 🗑
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| show | recognizes and binds to the cap
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| show | scans the mRNA until it locates the first AUG codon (start codon)
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| show | Kozak: 5'-ACC AUG G-3'
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| initiation in eukaryotes: the poly(__) tail at the _' end of eukaryotic mRNA also plays a role in the initiation of translation | show 🗑
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| show | 5' cap
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| show | it enhances the binding of the small subunit of ribosome to the 5' end of the mRNA
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| show | a closed loop structure
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| elongation: a ribosome has three sites that can be occupied by tRNAs: | show 🗑
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| elongation: the initiator tRNA immediately occupies the _ site, but all other tRNAs first enter the _ site | show 🗑
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| elongation: after initiation, the ribosome is attached to the mRNA, and the tRNA is positioned where? | show 🗑
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| elongation: after initiation, the _ site is unoccupied | show 🗑
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| show | tRNA
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| show | elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) joins with GTP and then with a charged tRNA
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| elongation: after the charged tRNA is in the A site, GTP is cleaved to ___ and the EF-Tu- ___ complex is released | show 🗑
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| elongation: elongation factor Ts (EF-T) regenerates EF-Tu-___ to EF-Tu-___ | show 🗑
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| show | peptide
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| elongation: the formation of this peptide bond does what? | show 🗑
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| elongation takes place in three steps: third step is ___________, the movement of the ribosome down the mRNA in the 5'->3' direction | show 🗑
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| show | elongation factor G (EF-G) and the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
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| elongation: why do the tRNAs in the P and A sites do not move with the ribosome as it translocates? | show 🗑
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| elongation: this means that the ribosome shifts so that the tRNA that previously occupied the P site now occupies the _ site | show 🗑
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| elongation: after the tRNA is occupying the E site, then what? | show 🗑
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| elongation: Translocation also causes the tRNA that occupied the A site to be in the _ site, leaving the A site open | show 🗑
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| elongation: because the A site is now open, it is free to do what? | show 🗑
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| elongation: Summary of the progress of each tRNA through the ribosome in the course of elongation: ______ -> _ site -> _ site -> _ site -> ______ | show 🗑
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| concept check: in elongation, the creation of peptide bonds between amino acids is catalyzed by what? | show 🗑
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| termination: When does protein synthesis terminate? | show 🗑
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| termination: there are no tRNAs with anti-codons complementary to the termination codons which means what? | show 🗑
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| show | release factors
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| termination: escherichia coli has three release factors (RF1, RF2, RF3) what termination codons does RF1 bind to? | show 🗑
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| termination: escherichia coli has three release factors (RF1, RF2, RF3) what termination codons does RF2 bind to? | show 🗑
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| termination: the binding of RF1 or RF2 to the A site of the ribosome promotes what? | show 🗑
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| termination: RF3 binds to the ribosome and forms a complex with ___ | show 🗑
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| termination: What does this complex do? | show 🗑
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| show | P site, ribosome
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| show | polyribosome
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| additional properties: (polyribosomes) each ribosome successively attaches to the ribosome-binding site at the _' end of the mRNA and moves toward the _' end. the polypeptide associated with each ribosome becomes progressively longer | show 🗑
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| show | those at the 3' end
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| show | posttranslational
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| additional properties: posttranslational modification can include what? (3) | show 🗑
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| show | molecular chaperones
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| show | microorganisms
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| show | translation differs significantly between bacterial and eukaryotic cells (ie: kill the bacteria, without harming the host)
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Created by:
cmccartney2