exam4
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| Combustion | the reaction of an alcohol with oxygen to produce CO2, H2O, and energy
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| what happens when an organic comp is oxidized? | -There's an increase in number of C-O bonds
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-There's a loss of H
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| what happens when an organic comp is reduced? | -there's a decrease in number of C-O bonds
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-there's a gain of H
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| bond formed btwn alcohol molecs? | H bonds
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| why are phenols weak acids | they have an -OH group that slightly ionizes
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| what is the carbonyl group in an aldehyde | it has a carbonyl C bonded to one H atom
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| what is the carbonyl group in a ketone | it has the carbonyl C bonded to 2 C atoms
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| hemiacetals | C atoms that contain -OH group and an alkoxy group (-OR)
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| when are hemiacetals formed | they are formed when an alcohol adds to an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of an acid catalyst
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| what do hemiacetals react with | they react with a 2nd alcohol molec to produce an acetal
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| acetal | -a C with 2 alkoxy groups (-OR)
-are produced when a hemiacetal reacts with another alcohol molec
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| cyclic acetals | -they form when an alcohol adds to a cyclic hemiacetal
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-the type of linkage that bonds glucose molecs to each other in formation of disaccharides and polysaccharides
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| maltose | -a disaccharide consisting of 2 glucose molecs linked by an acetal bond
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-has one glucose that retains the cyclic hemiacetal bond
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| structural isomers | molecules that have the same formula but diff bonding arrangements
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| stereoisomers | -have atoms that are bonded in the same sequence, but differ in the way they're arranged in space
-molecs that are nonsuperimposable mirror images
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| molecs are chiral when they are ______. | nonnsuperimposable
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| nonsuperimposable | when something's mirror image can't be completely matched
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| when are molecs achiral | when the mirror image of the molec is identical and can be superimposed on the original
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| when are C atoms chiral | -when they have 4 diff atoms or groups
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-when they are nonsuperimposable
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| enantiomers | stereoisomers that cannot be superimposed
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| what are the enantiomers of a chiral molec | -mirror images that cannot be superimposed on each other
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| are achiral structures nonsuperimposable or superimposable? | superimposable
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| what happens when the mirror image of an achiral structure is rotated? | -the structure is aligned with its initial structure
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-its mirror image is superimposable
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| what are the 3 types of carbs | monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
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| what do monosaccharides consist of | -3-6 C atoms
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-a carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone)
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-several (-OH) groups
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| what are the two types of structures of monosaccharides | aldoses
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ketoses
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| aldoses | -monosaccharide structure
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-the carbonyl group on the first C is an aldehyde
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-also has many (-OH) groups
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| ketoses | -monosaccharide structure
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-there's a ketone carbonyl group on the 2nd C
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-also has many
(-OH) groups
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| naming monosaccharides | -the names end in (-ose)
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-may be named according to the # of C atoms (triose = 3 C atoms)
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| naming aldoses | put aldo- in front of the monosaccharide name
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| naming ketoses | put keto- in front of the monosaccharide name
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| what are the most important monosaccharides | the hexoses of:
-glucose
-galactose
-fructose
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| when two monosaccharides combine in a dehydration rxn, what are the products? | water
and acetal
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| what happens hen monosaccharides are reduced | -the carbonyl group is turned into an alcohol group
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-produces sugar alcohols called alditols (named by replacing -ose with -itol)
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| what are the three most common disaccharides | maltose
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lactose
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sucrose
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| maltose | -a disaccharide composed of two D-glucose molecs
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-linked by a-1,4-glycosidic bond btwn a-OH on C1 of 1st glucose and -OH on C4 of 2nd glucose
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-found in both a- and B- forms
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| lactose | -a disaccharide of B-D-galactose and a- or B-D-glucose
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-contains a B1,4-glycosidic bond
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-found in both a- and B- forms
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| sucrose | -aka table sugar
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-disaccharide of a-D-glucose and B-D-fructose
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-has an a,B-1,2-glycosidic bond
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| how do polysaccharides differ from one another | -differ in types of links btwn monosaccharides and the monosaccharides in the polymer
-differ by amt of branching in the polymer
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| what is the IUPAC name for Benzene | benzoic acid
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| naming carboxylic acids (IUPAC) | 1.) identify longest C chain and replace (-e) in alkane name with (-oic acid)
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2.) give location and name of each sub by counting the carboxyl C as 1
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| how are carboxylic acids prepared | -by oxidizing primary alcohols or aldehydes
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-from oxidation of ethanol
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| solubility of carboxylic acids with 1-5 C in water | very soluble in water
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| polarity of carboxylic acids | -strongly polar
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-have 2 polar groups: hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O)
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| how do esters differ from carboxylic acids | they differ from carboxylic acids by replacement of (-OH) group with alkoxy group (-OR)
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| esterification | -rxn of a carboxylic acid and alcohol in presence of an acid catalyst to produce an ester
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-is a condensation rxn b/c it produces water
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| naming esters (IUPAC) | 1.) write the name of the C chain from the alcohol as an alkyl group
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2.) change the -ic acid of the acid name to -ate
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| esters have higher BP's than _____ | have higher BP than for alkanes of similar mass
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| esters have lower BP's than _____ | have lower BP than alcohols and carboxylic acids of similar mass b/c esters can't form H bonds with each other
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| acid hydrolysis of esters | -an ester reacts with water to produce a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
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-a strong acid catalyst or an enzyme is required
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| base hydrolysis | -aka saponification*******
-rxn of an ester w/ a strong base**************
-produces the salt of the carboxylic acid and an alcohol
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| what does saponification of long-chain fatty acids produce? | it produces acid salts called "soaps"
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