Ancient Greece
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| Trojan War | Economic rivalry between Mycenae and Troy , Mycenaean rescued Greek king's wife. Regarded as a legend
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| Heinrich Schliemann | Wealthy German businessman determined to prove the Trojan war truly happened
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| Homer | Blind poet who wandered from village to village singing of heroic deeds
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| Shrine | Areas dedicated to the honor of gods and goddessess
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| Frescoes | Colorful watercolor paintings done on wet plaster
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| Straits | Narrow water passages
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| How did trade contribute to the development of Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations? | The contact with other cultures they acquired technology and ideas that they adapted to their own culture
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| What impact did Mycenaean civilizations have on later Greeks? | They absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian influences through trade that they later passed onto other Greeks
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| What values of ancient Greeks are found in the poems of Homer? | Honor, courage, eloquence
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| Peloponnesus | Region where Sparta is located
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| Solon | Wise and trusted leader of Athens in 594 BC, outlawed debt slavery, helped citizens earn rights, and ensured greater fairness and justice to people
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| Cleisthenes | Reformer of Greece who broadened the role of ordinary citizens in the government
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| Zeus | Most powerful Olympian
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| Polis | Greek city-states
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| Acropolis | City on hilltop with temples for gods
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| Monarchy | A government in which a king or queen exercises central power
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| Aristocracy | Rule by landholding elite
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| Oligarchy | Power in the hands of small powerful elite usually from the business class
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| Phalanx | Massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers
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| Helots | Conquered people who were slaves and worked the land
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| Democracy | Government by the people
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| Tyrants | People who gained power by force
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| Legislature | Law-making body
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| Identify two ways that geography influenced Greece | Mountains and valleys created city-states, the seas linked the city-states with the outside world
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| How did noble landowners gain power in Greek city-states? | They were the military defenders of the city because they were the only ones who could afford chariots and bronze weapons
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| How did the phalanx affect Greek society and government? | It created a strong sense of unity among the citizen-soldiers, and decreased class differences
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| Describe the system of education in Sparta | No education only training for battle looking down on trade,wealth, and the arts
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| Describe the education system in Athens | Girls received little or no formal education, while boys attended school learning to read,write,study music,and poetry,military training,and public speaking training
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| What cultural ties united the Greek world? | Religious beliefs and their view of non-greeks
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| Marathon | Darius I was angry at Athens for trying to help the rebels, so they battled them in the city of marathon where Athens ended up beating them
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| Themistocles | Athenian leader at battle of Marathon and encouraged Athens to continue getting ready for the next battle soon to come
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| Delian League | Athens alliance with other Greek city-states
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| Pericles | Statesman of Athens during Golden Age
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| Aspasia | Woman who helped Pericles turn Athens into the cultural center of Greece
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| Alliance | Formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense
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| Direct Democracy | When a large number of citizen's take direct part in the day-to-day affairs of the government
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| Stipend | Fixed salary
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| Jury | Panel of citizens who have the authority to make the final judgment in a trial
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| Ostracism | Voting or sending away of a public figure who was seen as a threat to democracy
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| Describe two effects of the Persian Wars | Increased Athens individualism and power, started the Delian League
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| How did Pericles contribute to Athenian greatness? | Started direct democracy, and improved economic and cultural life
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| How did the growth of Athenian power lead to war? | Greeks outside of Athens resented their power splitting up Greece
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| Socrates | Athenian philosopher, most knowledge of him comes from his student Plato, Socratic method of asking a series of questions and examining the answers rather than writing books
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| Aristotle | Plato's most famous student who developed his own idea of government, was suspicious of democracy,believed in the golden mean of a moderate course between extremes, and set up the Lyceum for study of all branches of knowledge
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| Parthenon | Athenian building dedicated to Athena, simple rectangle with tall columns and gently clasping roof to show perfect balance and such
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| Sophocles | Tragedy playwright, wrote Antigone which explores what happens when an individual's moral duty conflicts with the laws of the state
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| Euripides | Playwright, suggested that people not the gods were the cause of human misfortune, wrote The Trojan Women
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| Herodotus | The Father of History and applied logic observation and reason to the study of history telling what truly happened at historic events
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| Thucydides | Wrote about the Peloponnesian War, he wrote true to both sides giving an honest account of what happened
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| Logic | Rational thinking
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| Rhetoric | Art of skillful speaking
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| Tragedy | Plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster
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| Comedy | Humorous plays that mocked people or customs
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| Why did Plato reject democracy as a form of government? | It had condemned Socrates
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| Descrive the ideal form of government as set forth in Plato's Republic | Every state should regulate every aspect of citizen's lives in order to provide for their best interests with three classes (workers, soldiers, and philosophers)
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| What standards of beauty did Greek artists follow? | Lifelike and idealistic emphasizing natural poses
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| How were Greek plays performed? | They were performed in large outdoor theaters with little or no scenery
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| What were the topics of Greek poetry and plays? | Tragedy and comedy
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| Philip of Macedonia | King of Macedonia, Aristotle was his teacher as child, had a dream to conquer the prosperous city-states of the south and Persian empire, he was murdered before he could achieve his last goal
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| Stoicism | School of philosophy, urged people to avoid desires and disappointments by accepting calmly whatever life brought, high moral standards, all people unequal in society were morally equal
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| Pythagoras | Developed theorem to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle
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| Euclid | Wrote The Elements, a textbook that became the basis for modern geometry
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| Archimedes | Applied principals of physics to invent practical inventions such as the lever and pulley
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| Hippocrates | Studied the causes of illnesses and looked for cures
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| Assassination | Murder of a public figure usually for political reasons
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| Assimilate | Absorb
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| Heliocentric | Sun-centered
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| What was the extent of Alexander's vast empire? | Macedonia, Greece, Egypt, and Persia
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| How did Alexander's conquests lead to a new civilization? | Greek cultures spread to all of the lands he had conquered and had also mixed with the local cultures
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| What new ideas did the Stoics introduce? | To avoid desires and disappointments by accepting calmly whatever life brought you
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caroline_cole