Study cards for the COMM 101 (Adler and Rodman) final exam
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| Coculture | The perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture.
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| Collectivistic Culture | A culture in which members focus on the welfare of the group as a whole, rather than a concern by individuals for their own success
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| Culture | The language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn.
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| Ethnicity | A social construct that refers to the degree to which a person identifies with a particular group, usually on the basis of nationality, culture, religion, or some other unifying perspective
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| Ethnocentrism | The attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others’
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| High-context Culture | A culture that relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony
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| In-groups | Groups in which we identify
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| Individualistic Culture | A culture in which members focus on the value and welfare of individual members, as opposed to a concern for the group as a whole
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| Intergroup Communication | The interaction between members of different cocultures
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| Low-context Culture | A culture that uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible
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| Organizational culture | A relatively stable, shared set of rules about how to behave and a set of values about what is important
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| out-group | Groups of people that we view as different from us
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| power distance | The degree to which members of a group are willing to accept a difference in power and status
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| prejudice | An unfairly biased and intolerant attitude toward others who belong to an out-group
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| race | A social construct originally created to explain differences between people whose ancestors originated in different regions of the world-Africa, Asia, Europe, and so on
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| salience | How much weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon
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| stereotyping | The perceptual process of applying exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system.
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| uncertainty avoidance | The cultural tendency to seek stability and honor tradition instead of welcoming risk, uncertainty, and change
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| all-channel network | A communication network pattern in which group members are always together and share all information with one another
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| authoritarian leadership style | A leadership style in which the designated leader uses legitimate, coercive, and reward power to dictate the group’s actions
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| chain network | A communication network in which information passes sequentially from one member to another
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| coercive power | The power to influence others by the threat or imposition of unpleasant consequences
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| connection power | The influence granted by virtue of a member’s ability to develop relationships that help the group reach its goal
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| democratic leadership style | A style in which the nominal leader invites the group’s participation in decision making
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| dysfunctional roles | Individual roles played by group members that inhibit the group’s effective operation
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| emergent leader | A member who assumes leadership roles without being appointed by higher-ups
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| expert power | The ability to influence others by virtue of one’s perceived expertise on the subject in question
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| formal role | A role assigned to a person by group members or an organization, usually to establish order
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| Gatekeepers | Producers of mass messages who determine what messages will be delivered to consumers, how those messages will be constructed, and when they will be delivered
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| group | A small collection of people whose members interact with one another, usually face-to-face, over time in order to reach goals
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| group goals | Goals that a group collectively seeks to accomplish
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| hidden agendas | Individual goals that group members are unwilling to reveal
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| individual goals | Individual motives for joining a group
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| informal roles | Roles usually not explicitly recognized by a group that describe functions of group members, rather than their positions. These are sometimes called “functional roles.”
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| laissez-faire leadership style | A style in which the designated leader gives up his or her formal role, transforming the group into a loose collection of individuals
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| leadership grid | A two-dimensional model that identifies leadership styles as a combination of concern for people and for the task at hand
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| legitimate power | The ability to influence a group owing to one’s position in a group
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| nominal leader | The person who is identified by title as the leader of a group
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| norms | Shared values, beliefs, behaviors, and procedures that govern a group’s operation
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| power | The ability to influence others’ thought sand/or actions
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| procedural norms | Norms that describe rules for the group’s operation
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| referent power | The ability to influence others by virtue of the degree to which one is like or respected
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| reward power | The ability to influence others by the granting or promising of desirable consequences
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| roles | An explicit, officially stated guideline that governs group functions and member behavior
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| situational leadership | A theory that argues that the most effective leadership style varies according to leader-member relations, the nominal leader’s power, and the task structure
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| social norms | Group norms that govern the way members relate to one another
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| social roles | Emotional roles concerned with maintaining smooth personal relationships among group members. Also termed “maintenance functions.”
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| sociogram | A graphic representation of the interaction patterns in a group
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| task norms | Group norms that govern the way members handle the job at hand
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| task roles | Roles group members take on in order to help solve a problem
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| trait theories of leadership | The belief that it is possible to identify leaders by personal traits, such as intelligence, appearance, or sociability
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| virtual groups | People who interact with one another via mediated channels, without meeting face-to-face
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| wheel network | A communication network in which a gatekeeper regulates the flow of information from all other members
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| brainstorming | A method for creatively generating ideas in groups by minimizing criticism and encouraging a large quantity of ideas without regard to their workability or ownership by individual members
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| breakout groups | A strategy used when the number of members is too large for effective discussion. Sub-groups simultaneously address an issue and then report back to the group at large
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| cohesiveness | The totality of forces that causes members to feel themselves part of a group and makes them want to remain in that group
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| conflict stage | A stage in problem-solving groups when members openly defend their positions and question those of others
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| consensus | Agreement among group members about a decision
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| dialogue | A process in which people let go of the notion that their ideas are more correct or superior to others’ and instead seek to understand an issue from many different perspectives
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| emergence stance | A stage in problem solving when the group moves from conflict toward a single solution
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| focus group | A procedure used in market research by sponsoring organizations to survey potential users or the public at large regarding a new product or idea
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| force field analysis | A method of problem analysis that identifies the forces contribution to resolution of the problem and the forces that inhibit its resolution
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| forum | A discussion format in which audience members are invited to add their comments to those of the official discussants
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| groupthink | A group’s collective striving for unanimity that discourages realistic appraisal of alternatives to its chosen decision
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| information overload | The decline in efficiency that occurs when the rate of complexity of material is too great to manage
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| information underload | The decline in efficiency that occurs when there is a shortage of the information that is necessary to operate effectively
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| nominal group technique | A method for including the ideas of all group members in a problem-solving session
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| orientation stage | A stage in problem-solving groups when members become familiar with one another’s position and tentatively volunteer their own
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| panel discussion | A discussion format in which participants consider a topic more or less conversationally, without formal procedural rules. Panel discussion may be facilitated by a moderator
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| parliamentary procedure | A problem-solving method in which specific rules govern the way issues may be discussed and decisions made
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| problem census | A technique used to equalize participation in groups when the goal is to identify important issues or problems. Members first put ideas on cards, which are then compiled by a leader to generate a comprehensive statement of the issue or problem
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| reinforcement stage | A stage in problem-solving groups when members endorse the decision they have made
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| symposium | A discussion format in which participants divide the topic in a manner that allows each member to deliver in-depth information without interruption
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| abstract language | Language that lacks specificity or does not refer to observable behavior or other sensory data
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| abstraction ladder | A range of more- to less-abstract terms describing an event or object
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| behavioral description | An account that refers only to observable phenomena
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| convergence | Accommodating one’s speaking style to another person, who usually is desirable or has higher status
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| divergence | A linguistic strategy in which speakers emphasize differences between their communicative style and others’ in order to create distance
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| emotive language | Language that conveys the sender’s attitude rather than simply offering an objective description
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| equivocal words | Words that have more than one dictionary definition
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| equivocation | A vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way
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| euphemism | A pleasant-sounding term used in place of a more direct but less pleasant one
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| factual statement | A statement that can be verified as being true or false
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| inferential statement | A conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence
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| jargon | The specialized vocabulary that is used as a kind of shorthand by people with common backgrounds and experience
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| language | A collection of symbols, governed by rules and used to convey messages between individuals
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| linguistic intergroup bias | The tendency to label people and behaviors in terms that reflect their in-group or out-group status
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| linguistic relativism | A moderate form of linguistic determinism that argues that language exerts a strong influence of the perceptions of the people who speak it
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| opinion statement | A statement based on the speaker’s beliefs
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| phonological rules | Linguistic rules governing how sounds are combined to form words
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| pragmatic rules | Rules that govern how people use language in everyday interaction
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| relative words | Words that gain their meaning by comparison
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| semantic rules | Rules that govern the meaning of language as opposed to its structure
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| sex role | The social orientation that governs behavior, in contrast to a person’s biological gender
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| slang | Language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar coculture or other group
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| symbols | Arbitrary constructions that represent a communicator’s thoughts
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| syntactic rules | Rules that govern the ways in which symbols can be arranged as opposed to the meanings of those symbols
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| advising response | Helping response in which the receiver offers suggestions about how the speaker should deal with a problem
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| ambushing | A style in which the receiver listens carefully to gather information to use in an attack on the speaker
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| analytical listening | Listening in which the primary goal is to fully understand the message, prior to any evaluation
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| analyzing statement | A helping style in which the listener offers an interpretation of a speaker’s message
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| attending | The process of focusing on certain stimuli from the environment
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| comforting | A response style in which a listener reassures, supports, or distracts the person seeking help
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| counterfeit question | A question that disguises the speaker’s true motives, which do not include a genuine desire to understand the other person
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| critical listening | Listening in which the goal is to evaluate the quality or accuracy of the speaker’s remarks
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| defensive listening | A response style in which the receiver perceives a speaker’s comments as an attack
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| hearing | The process wherein sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain
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| insensitive listening | the failure to recognize the thoughts or feelings that are not directly expressed by a speaker, and instead accepting the speaker’s words at face value
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| insulated listening | A style in which the receiver ignores undesirable information
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| judging response | A reaction in which the receiver evaluates the sender’s message either favorably or unfavorably
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| listening | The process wherein the brain reconstructs electrochemical impulses generated by hearing into representations of the original sound and gives them meaning
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| listening fidelity | The degree of congruence between what a listener understand and what the message sender was attempting to communicate
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| Mindful listening | Active, high-level information processing
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| mindless listening | Passive, low-level information processing
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| paraphrasing | Feedback in which the receiver rewords the speaker’s thoughts and feelings. Feedback can be used to verify understand, demonstrate empathy, and help others solve their problems
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| prompting | Using silence and brief statements of encouragement to draw out a speaker
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| psuedolistening | An imitation of true listening in which the receiver’s mind is elsewhere
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| questioning | A style of helping in which the receiver seeks additional information from the sender. Some questioning response are really disguised advice
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| reflecting | Listing that helps the person speaking hear and think about the words just spoken
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| relational listening | A listening style that is driven primarily by the concern to build emotional closeness with the speaker
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| remembering | the act of recalling previously introduced information. Recall drops off in two phases: short term and long term
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| residual message | The part of a message a receiver can recall after short- and long-term memory loss
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| responding | Providing observable feedback to another person’s behavior or speech
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| selective listening | A listening style in which the receiver responds only to messages that interest him or her
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| sincere question | A question posed with the genuine desire to learn from another person
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| stage hogging | A listening style in which the receiver is more concerned with making his or her own point than with understanding the speaker
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| supportive listening | The reception approach to use when others seek help for personal dilemmas
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| task-oriented listening | A listening style that is primarily concerned with accomplishing the task at hand
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| understanding | The act of interpreting a message by following syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic rules
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| actuate | To move members of an audience toward a specific behavior
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| ad hominem fallacy | A fallacious argument that attacks the integrity of a person to weaken his or her position
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| anchor | The position supported by audience members before a persuasion attempt
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| argumentum ad populum fallacy | Fallacious reasoning based on the dubious notion that because many people favor an idea, you should, too
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| argumentum ad vercundiam fallacy | Fallacious reasoning that tries to support a belief by relying on the testimony of someone who is not an authority on the issue being argued
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| convincing | A speech goal that aims at changing audience member’s beliefs, values, or attitudes
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| credibility | The believability of a speaker or other source of information
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| direct persuasion | Persuasion that does not try to hide or disguise the speaker’s persuasive purpose
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| either-or-fallacy | Fallacious reasoning that sets up false alternatives, suggesting that if the inferior one must be rejected, then the other must be accepted
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| emotional evidence | Evidence that arouses emotional reactions in an audience
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| ethical persuasion | Persuasion in an audience’s best interest that does not depend on false or misleading information to induce change in that audience
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| ethos | A speaker’s credibility or ethical appeal
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| evidence | Material used to prove a point, such as testimony, statistics, and examples
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| fallacy | An error in logic
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| indirect persuasion | Persuasion that disguises or deemphasizes the speaker’s persuasive goal
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| latitude of acceptance | In social judgment theory, statements that a receiver would not reject
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| latitude on noncommitment | In social judgment theory, statements that a receiver would not care strongly about one way or another
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| latitude of rejection | In social judgment theory, statements that a receiver could not possibly accept
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| logos | A speaker’s use of logical arguments to appeal to the audience’s sense of reasoning
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| motivated sequence | A five-step plan used in persuasive speaking; also known as Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
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| pathos | A speaker’s use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience
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| persuasion | The act of motivating a listener, through communication, to change a particular belief, attitude, value, or behavior
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| post hoc fallacy | Fallacious reasoning that mistakenly assumes that one event causes another because they occur sequentially
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| proposition of fact | A claim bearing on issue in which there are two or more sides of conflicting factual evidence
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| proposition of policy | A claim bearing on issue that involves adopting or rejecting a specific course of action
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| proposition of value | A claim bearing on issue involving the worth of some idea, person, or object
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| reductio ad absurdum fallacy | Fallacious reasoning that unfairly attacks an argument by extending it to such extreme lengths that it looks ridiculous
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| social judgement theory | An explanation of attitude change that posits that opinions will change only in small increments and only when the target opinions lie within the receiver’s latitudes of acceptance and noncommitment
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| target audience | That part of an audience that must be influenced in order to achieve a persuasive goal
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| asynchronous communication | Communication that occurs when there’s a time gap between when a message is sent and when it is received
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| channel | The medium through which a message passes from sender to receiver
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| communication | The process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction
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| communication competence | The ability to maintain a relationship on terms acceptable to all parties
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| coordination | Interaction in which participants interact smoothly, with a high degree of satisfaction but without necessarily understanding one another well
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| decoding | The process in which a receiver attaches meaning to a message
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| disinhibition | The tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences
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| dyad | A two-person unit
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| dyadic communication | two-person communication
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| encoding | The process of putting thoughts into symbols, most commonly words
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| environment | Both the physical setting in which communication occurs and the personal perspectives of the parties involved
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| feedback | the discernable response of a receiver to a sender’s message
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| flaming | Sending angry and/or insulting e-mails, text messages, and website postings
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| interpersonal communication | Communication in which the parties consider one another as unique individuals rather than as objects. It is characterized by minimal use of stereotyped labels; unique, idiosyncratic social rules; and a high degree of information exchange
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| intrapersonal communication | Communication that occurs within a single person
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| linear communication model | A characterization of communication as a one-way even in which a message flows from sender to receiver
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| mass communication | the transmission of messages to large, usually widespread audiences via broadcast means (such as radio and television), print (such as newspapers, magazines, and books), multimedia, and other forms of media such as recordings and movies
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| mediated communication | Communication sent via a medium other than fact-to-face interaction, e.g., telephone, e-mail, and instant messaging. It can be both mass and personal
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| message | A sender’s planned and unplanned words and nonverbal behaviors
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| noise | External, physiological, and psychological distractions that interfere with the accurate transmission and reception of a message
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| organizational communication | Communication that occurs amongst a structured collection of people in order to meet a need or pursue a goal
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| public communication | Communication that occurs when a group becomes too large for all members to contribute. It is characterized by an unequal amount of speaking and by limited verbal feedback
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| receiver | One who notices and attends to a message
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| richness | A term used to describe the abundance of non-verbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message
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| sender | The originator of a message
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| small group communication | Communication within a group of a size such that every member can participate actively with the other members
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| social media | Digital communication channels used primarily for personal reasons, often to reach small groups of receivers
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| symbol | An arbitrary sign used to represent a thing, person, idea, event, or relationship in ways that make communication possible
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| synchronous communication | Communication that occurs in real time
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| transactional communication model | Communication that occurs in real time
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| Web 2.0 | A term used to describe how the Internet has evolved from a one-way medium into a “mass personal” phenomenon
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| androgynous | Combining both masculine and feminine traits
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| attribution | the process of attaching meaning
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| empathy | The ability to project oneself into another person’s point of view, so as to experience the other’s thoughts and feelings
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| face | The socially approved identity that a communicator tries to present
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| facework | Verbal and nonverbal behavior designed to create and maintain a communicator’s face and the face of others
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| gender | Socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and/or women
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| identity management | Strategies used by communicator s to influence the way others view them
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| interpretation | The perceptual process of attaching meaning to stimuli that have previously been selected and organized
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| narrative | the stories people create and use to make sense of their personal worlds
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| organization | the perceptual process of organizing stimuli into patterns
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| perceived self | The person we believe ourselves to be in moments of candor. It may be identical to or different from the presenting and ideal selves
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| perception checking | A three-part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretations, including a description of the sense data, two possible interpretations, and a request for confirmation of the interpretations
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| personality | The set of enduring characteristics that define a person’s temperament, thought processes, and social behavior
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| presenting self | The image a person presents to others. It may be identical to or different from the perceived and ideal selves
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| reflected appraisal | The influence of others on one’s self-concept
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| selection | the perceptual act of attending to some stimuli in the environment and ignoring others
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| self-concept | The relatively stable set of perceptions each individual holds of himself or herself
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| self-esteem | The part of the self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth
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| self-fulfilling prophecy | A prediction or expectation of an event that makes the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been the case
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| self-serving bias | The tendency to interpret and explain information in a way that casts the perceiver in the most favorable manner
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| sex | A biological category such as male, female, or inter-sexed
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| significant other | A person whose opinion is important enough to affect one’s self-concept strongly
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| stereotyping | The perceptual process of applying exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system
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| sympathy | Compassion for another’s situation
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