Vocabulary Skeletal System
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| diaphysis | the long shaft of the bone
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| epiphysis | the 2 extremities or ends of the bone
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| Medullary canal | a cavity within the diaphysis
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| yellow marrow | what the medullary canal is filled with which is mainly a storage area for fat cells
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| endosteum | membrane that lines the medullary canal and keeps the yellow marrow intact. Also produces some bone growth
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| red marrow | found in certain bones, such as the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and cranium, and the proximal ends of the humerus and femur. Produces red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells
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| thrombocytes | platelets
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| leukocytes | white blood cells
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| periosteum | the tough membrane on the outside of the bone
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| axial skeleton | forms the main trunk of the body and is composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone (sternum)
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| appendicular skeleton | forms the extremities and is composed of the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle and leg bones
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| cranium | the spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain
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| fontanels | spaces at birth in the cranium called "soft spots" that allow for the enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs
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| sutures | the area where cranial bones come together
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| sinuses | air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice
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| foramina | openings in the bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone
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| vertebrae | the bones of the spinal column that provide support for the head and trunk
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| ribs | also known as costae. They attach to the thoracic vertebrae on the dorsal surface of the body
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| sternum | breastbone
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| clavicles | collarbones
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| scapulas | shoulder bones
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| humerus | upper arm bone
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| radius | lower arm bone on the thumb side
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| ulna | larger lower arm bone forming the elbow
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| olecranon process | the projection on the ulna that forms the elbow on the upper end
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| carpals | wrist bones
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| metacarpals | bones of the palm of the hand
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| phalanges | finger bones or toe bones
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| os coxae | 2 hip bones that make up the pelvic girdle
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| symphysis pubis | the joint at which the os coxae join together on the ventral side of the body
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| femur | thigh bone
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| patella | knee cap
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| tibia | larger weight bearing bone of the lower leg commonly known as the shin bone
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| fibula | the slender smaller bone of the lower leg that attaches to the proximal end of the tibia
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| tarsals | ankle bones
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| metatarsals | instep of foot bones
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| calcaneous | heel bone
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| ilium | large bone of the pelvic girdle forming your hips
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| ishium | bone in the pelvic girdle that forms the lower part of the pelvis. It is the bone you are sitting on
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| pubic bone | bone on the ventral side of the body that connects the 2 sides of the pelvic girdle together
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| manubrium | upper region of the sternum
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| body | middle of the sternum
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| xiphoid process | small piece of cartilage at the bottom of the sternum
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| Cervical vertebrae | first 7 bones in the spinal column located in the neck
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| Thoracic vertebrae | vertebrae of the spinal column below the cervical vertebrae. There are 12 thoracic vertebrae. These are located in the chest region and are where the ribs attach
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| Lumbar vertebrae | located below the thoracic vertebrae at the area of the waist. There are 5 of them
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| Sacrum | 1 located below the lumbar vertebrae in the back of the pelvic girdle
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| Coccyx | tailbone
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| True ribs | 1st 7 pairs of ribs called true because they attach directly to the sternum in the front of the body and in the back to the first 7 thoracic vertebrae
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| False ribs | next five pairs of ribs. They do not attach to the breast bone. The first 3 attach to the cartilage of the ribs above them. The last 2 do not connect to the sternum at all
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| Floating ribs | the last 2 ribs that do not attach in the front of the body, just in the back
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