Processing Modules 5-6
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| Whta are the 4 steps in the processing cycle? | a. development b. fixing c. washing d. drying
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| Development is the 1st step in the processing cycle and converts the latent (invisible) image into a _________ image. | manifest (visible)
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| During the development cycle, silver hadlide grains are reduced to _________ _________. | metallic silver
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| T/F - Development provides optical density and contrast? | TRUE
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| If unexposed crystals are reduced during development cycle, ________ is produced. | fog
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| Chemical fog _____________density and ___________ contrast. | increases density and decreases contrast.
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| As developer becomes depleted of electrons, it becomes ________________. | oxidized.
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| T/F - Developing solution consists of solvent water, sequestering agents, developing agents, buffering agents, restrainer, preservative, starter solution and hardeners. | TRUE
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| Sequestering agents (chelates) do what? | They soften water.
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| The two main developing agents are ___________ & __________. | Phenidone and hydroquinone.
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| T/F - Phenidone produces black (hi contrast) image and acts slowly. It also is more selective. | FALSE. Hydroquinone produces black (hi contrast) image and acts slowly w/more selectivity.
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| What does Phenidone produce? | Phenidone produces shades of gray quickly w/low selectivity.
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| Which developing agent controls toe of characteristic curve and which controls shoulder? | Phenidone controls toe and Hydroquinone controls shoulder.
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| Working developer is made-up of 2 things... | developer starter and developer replenisher.
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| Does starter solution have any acidic restrainer? | Yes.
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| Starter solution INCREASES pH to normal value and provides potassium bromide. T/F? | FALSE. Starter solution DECREASES pH to normal value and provides potassium bromide.
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| Does Replenisher have a higher or lower pH than starter? | Higher.
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| Does repenisher have any bromide restrainer? | No.
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| What chemical makes up restrainer? | Potassium bromide.
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| What does the restrainer do? | The restrainer (potassium bromide) is an antifog agent that protects unexposed crystals from chemical attack.
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| There are three factors that affect development. These are... | Developer time, temp and chemistry freshness.
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| Replenishment rate depends on three factors: | Area of film processed, type of emulsion and temperature of replenisher.
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| Does direct exposure film (thick emulsion) need higher or lower rate of replenisher? | Higher due to thicker emulsion.
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| Is developer temperature important? | Yes - it is critical and must be controlled. As temp increases, do does density; so do contrast and chemical fog slightly.
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| As film spends more time in the developer, does density decrease or increase? | Increase.
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| Developer provides ____________ and ____________. | Developer provides DENSITY & CONTRAST.
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| What does FIXER do? | It stops further development of film.
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| On a pH chart, what are acidic #'s, alkali #'s and neutral #? | 0-6.9 acidic;7 is neutral7.1 - 14 alkali
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| Where does fixer fall on the pH chart? | It is acidic and falls within the 4.0 - 5.0 range.
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| T/F - Fixer CLEARS THE IMAGE by removing all remaining silver halide from emulsion. | TRUE.
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| Fixing time = ___x clearing time. | Fixing time = 2x clearing time.
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| What step in 4 cycle process is hardening of film done? | Within FIXING step.
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| Fixer has 2 major ingredients: solvent (water as dilutant) and _________________. | Ammonium thiosulfate (used today) or Hypo (sodium thiosulfate).
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| Name some consequences of exhausted fixer: | Partially cleared filmInadequate dryingSurface damage on filmLower archival value of film
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| During the 90 second processing process, FIXING takes ________ seconds | 15 of 90 seconds.
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| A thinner emulsion takes (more or less) fixing time.A thicker film takes (more or less) fixing time. | A thinner emulsion takes less fixing time.A thicker film takes more fixing time.
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| When agitation of fixer is increased, fixing time is INCREASED OR DECREASED? | Decreased.
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| WASHING removes silver and ammonium halides and film turns what color (s)? | Yellow-brown with sulfer stains.
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| What is HYPO RETENTION? | ycombine with silver to form silver halide.
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| T/F - HYPO RETENTION is the most common cause of poor film archival quality. | TRUE.
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| The DRYING process takes ? seconds of 90 seconds. | Drying takes 25 of 90 seconds.
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| T/F - DRYING blows warm air over only one surface of film. | FALSE. Drying blows warm air over BOTH surfaces of film.
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| During the DRYING process, what removes surface water? | The squeegee rollers remove surface water.
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| Where is the TURN-AROUND-ASSEMBLY in processing tank? | AT THE BOTTOM OF TANK.
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| Where is the COSS-OVER ASSEMBLY in the processing tank? | AT THE TOP OF TANK.
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| How many cross-over tanks are there? | TWO (2); from developer to fixer & from fixer to washer.
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| Cross-over tanks (2) need to be washed & dried daily, weekly or monthly? | Daily.
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| T/F - The DRIER system has transport rollers with tubes that blow hot air onto film. | TRUE:)
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| The RECIRCULATION system does NOT provide heating for developer. | FALSE. It sure does provide HEATING of developer. Consistent temp of developer is critical.
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| How does the developer COOL DOWN? | It circulates through the cold water tank (tubing) to cool the developer.
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| FIXER RECIRCULATION: This unit pulls ? from fixer. | The fixer recirculation unit pulls SILVER from fixer.
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| Is WASH water recirculated? | No. It is a constant supply of cool tap water.
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| How does wash water get warmed? | Through developer circulation heater.
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| What is the principle contributor of agitation in the(developer and fixer solutions)? | The recirculation system.
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| Is developer temperature important? | YES - it is very critical.
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| Where is the reirculating piping of cool water that cools that cools developer? At top or bottom of tank? | At BOTTOM of tank.
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| The purpose of this is to maintain consistent developer or fixer activity. | Replenishment System: 2 types - developer and fixer.
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| Tank drainage is located where within tank? | At bottom of tank.
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| There are 2 types of silver recovery systems, they are: | Electrolysis and Metallic Replacement.
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| Name some functions of the cassette: | a) it holds intensifying screen.b) it protects screen from damage.c) it keeps light from fogging film.d) it allows for close film-screen contact.e) it keep dust and dirt from screen.
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| Cassette Construction: NAME WHETHER THE FOLLOWING IS ON THE FRONT OR BACK OF CASSETTE.A) METAL W/LEAD FOIL TO MINIMIZE BACKSCATTER-B) RECESS SLIDING APERTURE FOR ID-C) METAL OR CARBON FIBER FOR LESS RAD. ABSORPTION-D) UNIFORM THICKNESS WITHOUT IRREGULARIT | A) METAL W/LEAD FOIL TO MINIMIZE BACKSCATTER-back.B) RECESS SLIDING APERTURE FOR ID-back.C) METAL OR CARBON FIBER FOR LESS RAD. ABSORPTION-front.D) UNIFORM THICKNESS WITHOUT IRREGULARITIES-front.
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| There are 4 types of cassettes: | Single screen double screengridded cassettecurved cassette (panorex)
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| Which of 4 types of cassettes is used for mammography? | Single screen - which uses a single emulsion film.
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| Is there silver (to be recovered) in laser paper? | No.
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| Is there silver (to be recovered) in laser paper? | No.
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| Is there silver (to be recovered) in laser paper? | No.
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