Biology Chapter 3
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| Plasma Membrane _____ the cell from its _______ | separates, environment
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| Plasma Membrane allows for ______ between cell and ______ | environment
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| Plasma Membrane is selectively _______ | permeable
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| _______ Transport requires no ________ | Passive, energy
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| Three types of passive transport: ______, ______ ______, and ______ | diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
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| Active Transport requires the use of ________ ________ | cellular energy
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| ATP is the ____ molecule | energy
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| Passive Transport-Diffusion-Moves from an area of ______ concentration to an area of _______ concentration | higher, lower
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| Facilitated Diffusion- Specific _______ in plasma membrane to move materials across membrane | protein
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| Osmosis type of diffusion that involves movement of ______ not moving solute, moving water: higher concentration water-lower | water
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| Active transportation-lower solute up concentration gradient to higher _________ | concentration
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| Oxygen, and C.D> able to easily _____ across bi-lipid area | diffuse
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| ________ ________- specific transport proteins allow some substances to move across membrane | facilitated diffusion
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| Glucose-the ____ of the cell, will diffuse across cell membrane on its own, but very slow, so uses ________ __________ ________ times faster | fuel, facilitated diffusion, 50,000 times
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| ___ so small it moves across cell membrane whether it's wanted or not. | DDT
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| Molecules will continue to diffuse until ___ amount on both sides | even
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| Three terms for types of solutions: _______ solution, ________ solution, and _________ solution | Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
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| Isotonic Solution means: | The percent of solute outside the cell is the same as inside the cell-water outside 90% and water moves in and out equally
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| Hypotonic solution means: | Less solute outside the cell than inside the cell-more water outside the cell
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| Hypertonic solution means: | More solute outside the cell than we have inside-less water outside the cell-water leaves the cell
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| Animal Cells like _______ solutions | isotonic
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| Plant cells do not like _______ solutions | isotonic
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| Hypotonic solution-not good for _____ cells, cell could burst | animal
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| Plants prefer _______ solution | hypotonic
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| Plants cell do not ______ because of cell walls and ______ pressure | turgid
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| Hypertonic solution (lose water) not good for ______ or ______ cells | plant, animal
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| Some plants have a ____ coating on their leaves, help prevent water loss | waxy
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| Some plants have small leaves to prevent _____ _____ | water loss
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| Stem of cactuses stores _____ | water
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| Some plants have hairy leaves to prevent ______ ______ | water loss
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| Osmoregulation: | Regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water
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| Terrestrial animals have to control both ____ of water and ______ | loss, solutes
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| Skin is quite ______ to water, hair on mammals helps prevent water _____ | impervious, loss
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| many desert animals get enough water from ____, and urine is not ______, more like crystals | seeds, liquids
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| Fish that live in freshwater, tend to have too much water wanting to get ___, solutes getting ____, so they produce copious amounts of _____ | in, out, urine
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| Fish use _____ _____ | active transport
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| Marine Fish are in a ______ solution, water wants to leave the cell, concentrated ______ | urine
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| In active transport we're moving against the _______ ______ | concentration gradient
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| ATP and specifically shaped proteins move from areas of _____ concentration to areas of ____ transportation | low, high
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| Nerves: Higher potassium concentration, always being pumped ___, sodium being pumped ____ | in, out
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| Exocytosis ( exiting cell): | Release of substances from cell, vesicles fuse with plasma membrane, fusions with membranes cause release
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| Endocytosis : | Inward budding of the membrane, forms a vesicle
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| Phagocytosis type of _______ | endocytosis
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| Phagocytosis-Ingestion of entire ____, cell _____ | eating
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| Phagocytosis-Membrane receptors identify the _______ | bacterium
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| Phagocytosis-______ extend around the bacterium | Pseudopodia
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| The plasma membrane helps convey signals between _____, and between _____ and their environment | cells, cells
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| Receptor Proteins, what can they _____? | receive?
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| Epinephrine (adrenaline) from adrenal glands-series of ________- cause the breakdown of glycogen into ______ to provide energy | reactions, gluclose
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| All organic compounds store _____ | energy
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| Energy comes from ____ | food
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| Process by which we derive energy is called ______ _______ | cellular respiration
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| Enzymes speed up _____ _____ (_____) | chemical reactions, catalysts
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| Enzymes work by lowering ______ ______ | activation energy
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| Reactants the enzyme acts upon are called ______ | substrates
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| sucrose (_____) + sucrase (______) + H20 (_____) ----> gluclose + ______ | substrate, enzyme, water, products
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| Virtually every chemical reaction that use or release energy are almost all dependent upon the action of ______ | enzymes
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| ATP is the _____ molecule, energy produced is used to make | energy, ATP
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| ATP supplies the _____ for cells to do their work | energy
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| ATP-________ ________ | Adenosine Triphosphate
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| cellular respiration happens in ________ | mitochondria
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| Energy in food produces ___, then ____ runs all chemical reactions to maintain cells | ATP, ATP
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| Triphosphate-third phosphate has ______ energy | highest
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| Third phosphate can be broken off using ______ and then we now have ADP, as food is broken down, cellular respiration, energy released, phosphate is put back __ ADP to make more ____ | enzymes, on, ATP
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| It takes about ___ million ____ _____ per ____ to power an active _____ cell | 10, ATP, molecules, second
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| Energy flows from the sun to plants to the ____ we eat | food
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| What organisms use photosynthesis? | Plants, algae
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| What do you need for photosynthesis | sunlight, carbon dioxide, water
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| Where does Photosynthesis take place? | chloroplasts
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| What is the product of Photosynthesis? | C6H12O6 (glucose) and oxygen
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| What organisms use cellular respiration? | Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi
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| What is needed for cellular respiration? _______ .-_______ | Glucose, Oxygen
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| Where does cellular respiration take place? _______ | mitochondria
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| What does cellular respiration produce? _____ ._____ ____. and ___ | Water and Carbon Dioxide, and ATP
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| The products of ______ _______ are the ______ for _________ | cellular respiration, reactants, photosynthesis
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| The products of ________ are the reactants for ________ _________ | cellular respiration
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| In process of breaking down food, we capture ___ percent of energy stored in food, and ___ is lost in the form of heat. | 40, 60
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| Cellular Respiration-Process where food is broken down in the presence of _____ to produce _____ for the _______ | oxygen, energy, organism
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| Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation: | c6H12O6+6O2 -----> enzymes -----> 6CO2+6H20+up to 32 ATP
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| Capturing energy requires the transfer of _____ | electrons
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| Reactions that transfer electrons are called ____/(____/____) reactions | redox, oxidation, reaction)
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| Oxidation means | loss of electrons
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| Reduction means | gain of electrons
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| In cellular respiration the major electron carrier is ____ | NAD+
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| NAD+ is an ___, and is an ____ _____ | ion, electron, carrier
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| In Cellular respiration, the major electron carrier is NAD+, an ___ | ion
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| NAD+ will accept ___ _____ | Free electrons
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| NAD+ will accept | H
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| NAD+ becomes | NADH
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| NAD+ quickly and easily moves from NAD+ to ____ and back | NADH
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| Cellular Respiration occurs in three stages: | Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport
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| Glycolysis: Stage 1, means | Sugar Splitting
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| Glycolysis takes place in | Cytosol (gooey stuff outside cell)
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| Glycolysis is split into __ molecules made of ___ ____ | Pyruvic Acid
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| Glycolysis-takes place outside of the _______, where 2 ____ and ____ are made | mitochondria, ATP, NADH
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| Stage 2: Citric Acid Cycle (_____ Cycle) | Krebs
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| Stage 2: Krebs Cycle-Pyruvic Acid is converted to ____ acid before entering Krebs cycle | acetic
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| Krebs Cycle completes breakdown of _____ | glucose
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| Krebs Cycle takes place in _______ | mitochondria
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| In Krebs Cycle, __ CO2, __ ATP plus ____ and ______ are made | 6, 2, NADH, FADH2
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| CO2 came from ______-Krebs Cycle | glucose
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| Stage 3: Electron ______ | Transport
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| Electrons carried to inner membrane of | mitochondria
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| Electrons passed from _____ and _____ to ETC | NADH, FADH2
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| Electron Transport- 02 accepts _____ at the end of the chain to make ____ | electrons, 6H20
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| Electron Transport _____ makes ____ | Synthase, ATP
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| ATP synthase makes | ATP
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| Electron Transport, ___ ATP made | 28
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| It doesn't have to be ______ to be able to go through the process of cellular respiration | glucose
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| Some organisms cannot use _____ | oxygen
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| Sometimes oxygen isn't ______ | present
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| ALL organisms still need ___ | ATP
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| Fermentation-process that can produce ATP without ______ being present | oxygen
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| From each glucose molecule get __ ATP 2 |
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| Alcoholic fermentation like | yeast
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| Lactic Acid fermentation-some _____, muscle cells at times | bacteria
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| Fermentation occurs without oxygen and is sometime called ______ respiration | anaerobic
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| Alcoholic Fermentation yields | Co2, 2 ATP, alcohol
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| Lactic Acid Fermentation yields | 2 ATP, lactic acid (sore muscles)
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| Yeast are a _____ | fungi
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| Yeast prefer and can use _____ ______ | cellular respiration
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| cellular respiration up to ___ ATP | 30
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| Both carbon monoxide and cyanide ___ by disrupting cellular respiration. |
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