Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations
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| Compound Different From Mixture of Elements | In a compound, elements combine in fixed, definite proportions; in a mixture, elements can mix in any proportions whatsoever
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| Ionic Bonds | Occur between metal and nonmetal. Involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another(cation to anion)
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| Covalent Bonds | Occur between two or more nonmetals or mettaloids. Involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms
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| Cation | Positively charged ion
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| Anion | Negatively charged ion
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| Ionic Bond | Bond between a cation and anion. Forms ionic compound
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| Ionic Compound | A lattice - a regular three-dimensional array - of alternating cations and anions
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| Covalent Bond | The bond between two nonmetals. Form molecules
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| Molecular Compounds | Covalently bonded compounds
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| Chemical Formula | Indicates the elements present in the compound and the relative number of atoms or ions for each. There are 3 types of chemical formulas...
1. Empirical..
2. Molecular..
3. Structural
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| Empirical Formula | Gives the relative number of atoms of each element in a compound
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| Molecular Formula | Gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound
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| Structural Formula | Uses lines to represent covalent bonds and show how atoms in a molecule are connected or bonded to each other
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| Molecular Model | A more accurate and complete way to specify a compound
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| Ball-and-stick molecular model | Represents atoms as balls and chemical bonds as sticks; how the two connect reflects a molecule's shape
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| Space-filling molecular model | Atoms fill the space between each other to more closely represent our best estimates for how a molecule might appear if scaled to visible size
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| Atomic Elements | Exist in nature with single atoms as their basic units
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| Molecular Elements | Do not normally exist in nature with single Atoms as their basic units; instead they exist as molecules - two or more atoms of the element bonded together
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| List of Molecular Elements To Memorize | 1. O2..
2. I2..
3. Br2..
4. N2..
5. Cl2..
6. F2..
7. H2..
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| Molecular Compounds | Usually consist of two or more covalently bonded nonmetals. Ex: H2O, CO2, C3H8
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| Ionic Compounds | Composed of cations(usually a metal) and anions(usually one or more nonmetals) bound together by ionic bonds
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| Formula Unit | Basic unit of an ionic compound. The smallest, electrically neutral collection of ions. Ex: Na+, Cl-
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| Polyatomic Ion | An ion composed of two or more atoms
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| Summarizing Ionic Compound Formulas | 1. Ionic compounds always contain + and - ions..
2. In a chemical formula, the sum of the charges of the + ions(cations) must equal that of - ions(anions)..
3. The formula of an ionic compound reflects the smallest whole-number ratio of atoms
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| Ionic Compound Common Names | Nicknames of sorts learned by familiarity. Ex: NaCl(table salt), NaHCO3(baking soda)
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| Systematic Names | Names made by chemists for different types of compounds including ionic ones
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| Remember When Naming Compounds | Ionic compounds are usually composed of metals and nonmetals; any time you see a metal and one or more nonmetals together in a chemical formula, assume that you have an ionic compound
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| Binary Compounds | Contain only two different elements
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| Naming Ionic Binary Compounds | Name of cation(metal) + base name of anion(nonmetal) + -ide
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| Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms More Than One Kind of Cation | Name of cation(metal) + (charge of cation(metal) in roman numerals in parentheses) + base name of anion(nonmetal) + -ide
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| The following are Polyatomic Ions |
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| CO3^-2 | Carbonate
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| C2O4^-2 | Oxalate
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| CH3CO2^-1, CH3COO^-1, C2H3O2^-1 | Acetate
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| CN^-1 | Cyanide
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| O2^-2 | Peroxide
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| OH^-1 | Hydroxide
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| N3^-1 | Azide
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| NO3^-1 | Nitrate
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| NO2^-1 | Nitrite
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| NH4^+1 | Ammonium
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| PO4^-3 | Phosphate
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| (PO3^-3) | Phosphite
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| S2^-2 | Disulfide
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| SO4^-2 | Sulfate
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| SO3^-2 | Sulfite
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| SCN^-1 | Thiocyanate
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| ClO4^-1 | Perchlorate
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| ClO3^-1 | Chlorate
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| ClO2^-1 | Chlorite
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| ClO^-1 | Hypochlorite
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| BrO4^-1 | Perbromate
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| BrO3^-1 | Bromate
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| BrO2^-1 | Bromite
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| BrO^-1 | Hypobromite
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| IO4^-1 | Periodate
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| IO3^-1 | Iodate
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| IO2^-1 | Iodite
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| IO^-1 | Hypoiodite
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| CrO4^-2 | Chromate
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| Cr2O7^-2 | Dichromate
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| MnO4^-1 | Permanganate
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| The Following Are Monatomic Ions |
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| O^-2 | Oxide
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| N^-3 | Nitride
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| P^-3 | Phosphide
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| S^-2 | Sulfide
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| F^-1 | Fluoride
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| Cl^-1 | Chloride
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| Br^-1 | Bromide
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| I^-1 | Iodide
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| Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms More Than One Kind of Cation | Name of cation(metal) + (charge of cation(metal) in roman numerals in parentheses) + base name of anion(nonmetal) + -ide
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| Oxyanions | Anions containing oxygen and another element
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| Hydrates | Ionic compounds containing a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula unit
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| Molecular Compound Composition | Molecular compounds are composed of two or more atoms
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| Naming Molecular Compounds | Prefix + name of 1st element + prefix + base name of 2nd element + -ide
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| Molecular Compound Prefixes | Prefixes given to each element indicate number of atoms present. Normally you don't use the prefix mono- if there is only 1 atom of first element.
1. Hemi
2. Mono
3. Di
4. Tri
5. Tetra
6. Penta
7. Hexa
8. Hepta
9. Octa
10. Nona
11. Deca
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| Hemi | 1/2
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| Mono | 1
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| Di | 2
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| Tri | 3
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| Tetra | 4
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| Penta | 5
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| Hexa | 6
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| Hepta | 7
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| Octa | 8
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| Nona | 9
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| Deca | 10
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| Atomic Mass | The average mass of an atom of an element
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| Formula Mass(Molecular Mass/Weight) | The average mass of a molecule(or a formula unit) of a compound
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| Formula Mass Equation | Formula Mass = (Number of atoms of 1st element in chemical formula * atomic mass of 1st element) + (number of atoms of 2nd element in chemical formula * atomic mass of 2nd element) + ...
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| Molar Mass of a Compound | The molar mass of a compound - the mass in grams of 1 mol of its molecules of formula units - is numerically equivalent to its formula mass.
Compound molar mass = formula mass(g)/1 mol
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| Mass Percent Composition(Mass Percent) | An element's percentage of the compound's total mass
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| Mass Percent Composition Formula | Mass Percent of element X = [(mass of element X in 1 mol of compound)/(mass of 1 mol of the compound)] * 100
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| General Form for Solving Problems Where We Are Asked To Find The Mass of an Element Present in a Given Mass of A Compound | Mass compound --> moles compound --> moles element --> mass element
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| Molecular Formula is Always a Whole Number multiple of the Empirical Formula | Molecular Formula = empirical formula x n, where n = 1, 2, 3,.....
n = (molar mass)/(empirical formula mass)
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| Empirical Formula Molar Mass | The sum of the masses of all the atoms in the empirical formula
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| Combustion Analysis | A method of obtaining empirical formulas for unknown compounds, especially those containing carbon and hydrogen, by burning a sample of the compound in pure oxygen and analyzing the products of the combustion reaction
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| Chemical Reaction | A process in which one or more substances are converted into one or more different ones
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| Combustion Reaction | A particular type of chemical reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen to form one or more oxygen containing compounds
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| Chemical Equation | A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction; a balanced equation contains equal numbers of the atoms of each element on both sides of the equation
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| Reactants | The substances on the left side of the chemical equation
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| Products | The substances on the right side of the chemical equation
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| Subscript 0.20 | Multiply by 5
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| Subscript 0.25 | Multiply by 4
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| Subscript 0.33 | Multiply by 3
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| Subscript 0.40 | Multiply by 5
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| Subscript 0.50 | Multiply by 2
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| Subscript 0.66 | Multiply by 3
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| Subscript 0.75 | Multiply by 4
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| Subscript 0.80 | Multiply by 5
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| The Following Are More Charges to Remember | P^-3..
Zn^+2..
Ag^+..
Ga^+3..
In^+3
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| In Naming Acids | Ends in...
1. -ide(hydro___ic acid)..
2. -ate(___ic acid)..
3. -ite(___ous acid)
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| All Polyatomic Ions with N(except NH4-ammonium with +1 charge) | Have -1 charge(except NH4 ammonium)
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| All Polyatomic Ions with P | Have -3 charge
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| All Polyatomic Ions with S(except SCN - thoicyanide with -1 charge)) | Have -2 charge
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| All Polyatomic Ions with CL | Have -1 charge
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| All Polyatomic Ions with Br | Have -1 charge
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| All Polyatomic Ions with I | Have -1 charge
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| All Polyatomic Ions with Cr | Have -2 charge
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| All Polyatomic Ions with Mn | Have -1 charge
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