Chapter 9 - Solutions
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| Solutions | homogeneous mixtures of substances that combine to form a single phase (liquid usually); solute dissolved in solvent
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| Solvent | is in greater quantity and phase remains the same after mixing
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| Solute | move about freely in solvent and interacts w other molecules/ions
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| Solvation/Dissolution | interaction btwn solute and solvent molecules; results in aqueous soln/hydration when water is solvent
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| Solubility | max amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent as a particular temp
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| Saturated | when max amount of solute has been added and soln is in equilibrium
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| Dilute | when proportion of solute to solvent is small
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| Concentrated | when proportion of solute to solvent is large
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| Solubility Rules | 1. alkali metals, ammonium (NH4+), chlorides, bromides, iodides, sulfates, CaO SrO BaO, are water soluble
2. carbonates, phosphates, sulfites, sulfides, hydroxides, and metal oxides insoluble
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| -ous | lesser charge like ferrous is Fe2+
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| -ic | larger charge like cupric is Cu2+
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| Monotomic Anion ending | -ide like phosphide is P3- and nitride N3-
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| Nitrite | NO2-
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| Nitrate | NO3-
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| Sulfite | SO3 2-
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| Sulfate | SO4 2-
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| Hypochlorite | HCLO-
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| chlorite | HCLO2-
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| chlorate | HCLO3-
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| Perchlorate | HCLO4-
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| Dihydrogen Phosphate | H2PO4-
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| Phosphate | PO4-3
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| Carbonate | CO3-2
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| Permanganate | MnO4-
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| Chromate | CrO4-2
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| Strong electrolyte | conductive and dissociates completely into ions like HCl and NaCl in water
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| Weak electrolyte | ionizes/hydrolyzes incompletely in water like weak acids, weak bases, HgCl2
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| Nonelectrolytes | do not ionize at all in water; like nonpolar gases, O2 and sugar
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| Concentration (defn) | amount of solute dissolved in solvent
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| Percent Composition | (mass of solute/mass of solution) x 100
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| Mole Fraction | number of moles of compound/total moles of system; sum of mole fractions = 1
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| Molarity | mol/L
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| Molality | mol solute/kg solvent
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| Normality | gram equivalent of solute/L solution; molarity of the ion of interest
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| Dilution | when one adds solvent to a high concentation soln to make a lower concentration soln; MVi=MVf
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| Solubility Product Constant Ksp | Ksp = [An+]m[Bm-]n
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| Qsp > Ksp | supersaturated solution, precipitate will occir
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| Qsp < Ksp | no precipitate will occur, dissolution until soln is saturated
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| Qsp = Ksp | saturated soln
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