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OAT - Chem
Chapter 9 - Solutions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Solutions | homogeneous mixtures of substances that combine to form a single phase (liquid usually); solute dissolved in solvent |
| Solvent | is in greater quantity and phase remains the same after mixing |
| Solute | move about freely in solvent and interacts w other molecules/ions |
| Solvation/Dissolution | interaction btwn solute and solvent molecules; results in aqueous soln/hydration when water is solvent |
| Solubility | max amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent as a particular temp |
| Saturated | when max amount of solute has been added and soln is in equilibrium |
| Dilute | when proportion of solute to solvent is small |
| Concentrated | when proportion of solute to solvent is large |
| Solubility Rules | 1. alkali metals, ammonium (NH4+), chlorides, bromides, iodides, sulfates, CaO SrO BaO, are water soluble 2. carbonates, phosphates, sulfites, sulfides, hydroxides, and metal oxides insoluble |
| -ous | lesser charge like ferrous is Fe2+ |
| -ic | larger charge like cupric is Cu2+ |
| Monotomic Anion ending | -ide like phosphide is P3- and nitride N3- |
| Nitrite | NO2- |
| Nitrate | NO3- |
| Sulfite | SO3 2- |
| Sulfate | SO4 2- |
| Hypochlorite | HCLO- |
| chlorite | HCLO2- |
| chlorate | HCLO3- |
| Perchlorate | HCLO4- |
| Dihydrogen Phosphate | H2PO4- |
| Phosphate | PO4-3 |
| Carbonate | CO3-2 |
| Permanganate | MnO4- |
| Chromate | CrO4-2 |
| Strong electrolyte | conductive and dissociates completely into ions like HCl and NaCl in water |
| Weak electrolyte | ionizes/hydrolyzes incompletely in water like weak acids, weak bases, HgCl2 |
| Nonelectrolytes | do not ionize at all in water; like nonpolar gases, O2 and sugar |
| Concentration (defn) | amount of solute dissolved in solvent |
| Percent Composition | (mass of solute/mass of solution) x 100 |
| Mole Fraction | number of moles of compound/total moles of system; sum of mole fractions = 1 |
| Molarity | mol/L |
| Molality | mol solute/kg solvent |
| Normality | gram equivalent of solute/L solution; molarity of the ion of interest |
| Dilution | when one adds solvent to a high concentation soln to make a lower concentration soln; MVi=MVf |
| Solubility Product Constant Ksp | Ksp = [An+]m[Bm-]n |
| Qsp > Ksp | supersaturated solution, precipitate will occir |
| Qsp < Ksp | no precipitate will occur, dissolution until soln is saturated |
| Qsp = Ksp | saturated soln |
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