ScienificPrincipals
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| Meter | The standard unit of measuring distance
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| Kilogram | The base unit for mass
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| Second | The base unit for time
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| Kelvin | The SI unit for temperature
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| Square Meters | How to measure area
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| Cubic Meters | Measurement of volume
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| Litres | Measurement of capacity
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| Kilograms per Cubic Meter | Measurement of density
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| Meters per Second | Measurement of velocity
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| Velocity | Directional speed
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| Vector | Directional force
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| Scaler | Non-directional force
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| Relative Density (aka Specific Gravity) | Density of object divided by density of water or air (the base)
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| Metals | Pure metals, ferrous, alloys
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| Pure metal | Not referring to the substance only containing metal, but that it is only one element of metal.
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| Ferrous | Containing iron
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| Alloys | A mix of two or more elemental (pure) metals
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| Steel | Iron and Carbon
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| Stainless Steel | Iron, Carbon, Chromium, Nickel
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| Brass | Copper and Zinc
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| Solder | EITHER Lead and Tin or Tin and Copper
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| Bronze | Copper and Tin
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| Gun metal | Copper, Tin and Zinc
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| Plastic | Polymers of Ethane (Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)
Thermo-plastics and Thermo-setting-plastics
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| Thermo-plastic | Soften when heated to become malleable. Poor heat conductors, affected by UV, resistant to acids and alkalis. Think waste pipes
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| Therm-setting-plastics | Once cooled any attempt to melt them will burn them. Think baths.
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| Fireclay / Ceramics | Baking (firing) clays and sands produces roof tiles, Belfast sinks, mortar, concrete, bathroom tiles, bricks
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| Strength | Compressive or Tensile
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| Compressive | How much it can be squashed
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| Tensile | How much it can be stretched
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| Hardness | Measured from 1-10. Ability of a substance to resist being scratched
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| Ductility | Bent out of shape without snapping
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| Malleability | Worked without breaking
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| Conductivity (heat) | How well a material allows distributes heat through itself
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| Conductivity (electricity) | How well a material allows electricity to pass through it
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| Oxidise | Chemical process that adds oxygen to a substance
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| Ultraviolet Radiation | Light beyond the visible spectrum. Has a heating effect. Damages chemical bonds
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| Molecular Bond | A 'bond' between atoms in a molecule
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| Rust | Iron Oxide. Oxidisation of Iron is speeded up by salt, pollutants and temperature
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| Electrolytic Corrosion | When a metal is exposed to water, sometimes the atoms dissolve into the water as ions. This stops a metal functioning according to design.
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| Ion | A charged atom
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| Anodic | Quick to dissolve in contact with Hydrogen Ions
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| Cathodic | Slow to dissolve in contact with Hydrogen Ions
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| Hydrogen Ion | A single Proton
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| Friction | Resistance to motion due to roughness of surfaces
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| Ineria | An objects' want to maintain its' state of motion or rest
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| Erosion Corrosion | The wearing away of a material due to dissolution or friction.
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| Water | 2H+ and O2-
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| Solvent | Other substances can dissolve in this substance
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| Solute | This substance can be disolved
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| Refrigerant | Ammonia, Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs), Propane and Hydroflourocarbons (HFCs). Used to cool systems. Utilise latency.
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| Latent Heat | A substance requires more energy to move between states than heat up in the state it is in. This causes the measurable temperature rise to stall
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| Sensible Heat | A substance within its own state will increase by a set temperature for every joule of energy
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| Anti-Freeze | Liquid added to water to lower the freezing point
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| Fuel Oils | Produced by distillation of petroleum used to generate heat.
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| Distillation | Heating liquids until gases then sucking vapours to separate compounds
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| Lubricants | Designed to reduce friction.
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| Compound | A substance of two or more elements chemically joined.
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| Boiling point (Water) | 99.98 degrees C or 373.13 K
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| Freezing point (Water) | 0 degrees C or 273.15 K
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| Superheated | If pressure forces liquids to stay liquids above their boiling point intense pressure is generated.
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| Gravity | Weak force of attraction between objects.
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| Cohesion | Weak force of attraction between polar molecules
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| Capillary Action | The phenomenon where a water climbs a short way up a narrow tube due to cohesion
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| pH | The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
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| Permanent Hard Water | Calcium Sulphate solution
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| Temporary Hard Water | Calcium Carbonate solution
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| Compressed Air | Pneumatic tools use compressed air to operate, such as a nail gun firing a nail.
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| LPG | Liquid Petrolium Gas. Used for gas torches and off-grid cookers
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| Natural Gas | Used for Power generation and on-grid gas cookers
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| Carbon Dioxide | Piped around factories as compressed gas for pneumatics. Also in fire extinguishers and refrigeration.
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| Refrigerant Gasses | Used for air-con. Includes ammonia, CO2, methane, SO2, R22 (chlorodiflouromethane), E134A (tetraflouroethane) and mixes.
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| Natural Gas (boiling point) | -163 degrees C
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| Carbon Dioxide (boiling point) | -79 degrees C
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| R22 | -41 degrees C
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| R134A | -26 degrees C
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| Boyle's Law | The higher the pressure, the lower the volume (given a gas of given mass, at a set temperature).
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| Charles' Law | The higher the temperature, the greater the density (given a gas of given mass in a set volume)
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| Bimetallic Strip | A make-break contact that uses the different expansions of metals to cause the contact to bend.
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| Thermometer | Uses the direct expansion of alcohol or mercury to gauge temperature.
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| Digital Thermometer | A thermistor changes electrical resistance according to temperature and causes the digital value to change
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| Conduction | Heat transfer through a substance via vibration of atoms
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| Convection | Heated fluids cause a current to form, distributing energy evenly within the fluid.
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| Radiation | Heat transfer without a substance to move in. Simply described as heat waves
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| Energy | The ability to 'do work' on a substance. Measured in Joules.
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| Temperature | The measure of the degree of hotness (the ability of a substance to propagate heat to another substance)
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| Heat | The total energy associated with the vibration of molecules.
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| Joules | SI unit for energy. 1 Joule is equal to 1 Watt x 1 Second
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| Specific Heat Capacity | The amount of energy required to raise 1kg of a substance by 1degree C. kJ/kg*C
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| Watt | SI unit for power. 1 Watt is equal to 1 Joule per 1 Second
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| Force | The push or pull that acts on an object
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| Pressure | Force per unit area
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| Pascal | 1Pa is equal to 1Newton per Meter squared
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| Newton | The force required to accelerate 1kg 1m/s
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| Flow Rate | Cubic meters per Second
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| Bar | 100,000 Pascals (used in compressed gas cylinders)
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| psi | Pounds per square inch (outdated but still used on old cylinders)
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| Metre head | 1m of head = 1m of column water above valve or washer
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| Cubic metres per second | Flow rate
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| Kilograms per second | Flow rate as derived from SI units
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| Pressure head | Pressure from metre head on valve or washer
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| Dynamic pressure | Density and velocity of fluid Q = 1/2 pv^2
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| Static pressure | Density x Gravity x Height
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| Mechanical advantage | The measure of force gained by using a mechanical device
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| Velocity ratio | Ratio of distance moved by the effort applied to the load: distance moved by the load itself
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| Lever | Class 1: See-saw
Class 2: Wheelbarrow
Class 3: Tweesers
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| Wheel and axel | First class lever
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| Pulley | Number of rope lengths directly proportional to division of load
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| Screw | Translates rotational motion into linear motion
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| Moment | The turning effect of a force
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| Newton's 1st Law | An object will retain its state of perpetual rest or motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
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| Newton's 2nd Law | If acted upon by an unbalanced force, an object will accelerate
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| Newton's 3rd Law | For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
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| Centre of Gravity | The point at which the body would be balanced if suspended
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| Equilibruim | No resultant force or acceleration
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| Electricity | The flow of charged particles
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| Cell | -l |-
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| Potential Difference | Voltage or Electromotive Force
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| Voltage | The measure of energy available to to drive the flow of electrons
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| Electromotive Force | Voltage or Potential Difference
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| Resistance | Anything that slows the flow of charged particles. Measured in Ohms
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| Current | Flow of electrons between two points. Measured in Amperes (Amps)
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| Conductor | A substance that allows an electric current to flow
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| Insulator | A substance that does not allow an electric current to flow
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| Joule | 1Amp through 1Ohm in 1Second
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| Alternating Current (AC) | Produced by turbine generators. Used in most buildings powered from the National Grid. Electrons flow in waves like the tide
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| Direct Current (DC) | Produced by chemical generators. Electrons flow in one direction like a river
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| Ohm's Law | V=IR
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| Power Consumption | kW/h (Watts used per unit time)
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| Coulomb | 1 Coulomb is 1 Amp x 1 Second
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| Over-Current device | A tool to stop excess current damaging a circuit. The size is taken as the value immediately above the current rating of the equipment on the circuit. (for instance, a 10A hoover would require a 13A fuse)
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| Resistance in a Series Circuit | Rt = R1+R2+R3 (etc)
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| Resistance in a Parallel Circuit | 1/Rt = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 (etc)
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| Series Circuit | Circuit where the components share the current. The Voltage is split.
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| Parallel Circuit | Circuit where the components share the power supply. The Current is split
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| Circuit Breaker | A safety device that cuts the current flow to a device in fault conditions
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| Earthing and Bonding | Copper, or green and yellow. Safety cable that carries a current under fault conditions only
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| Live | A conductor that carries a current under normal working conditions
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| Line | Brown or red conductor. Carries the current from the supply to the load
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| Neutral | Blue or black conductor. Carries the current from the load back to the supply
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