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ScienificPrincipals
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Meter | The standard unit of measuring distance |
| Kilogram | The base unit for mass |
| Second | The base unit for time |
| Kelvin | The SI unit for temperature |
| Square Meters | How to measure area |
| Cubic Meters | Measurement of volume |
| Litres | Measurement of capacity |
| Kilograms per Cubic Meter | Measurement of density |
| Meters per Second | Measurement of velocity |
| Velocity | Directional speed |
| Vector | Directional force |
| Scaler | Non-directional force |
| Relative Density (aka Specific Gravity) | Density of object divided by density of water or air (the base) |
| Metals | Pure metals, ferrous, alloys |
| Pure metal | Not referring to the substance only containing metal, but that it is only one element of metal. |
| Ferrous | Containing iron |
| Alloys | A mix of two or more elemental (pure) metals |
| Steel | Iron and Carbon |
| Stainless Steel | Iron, Carbon, Chromium, Nickel |
| Brass | Copper and Zinc |
| Solder | EITHER Lead and Tin or Tin and Copper |
| Bronze | Copper and Tin |
| Gun metal | Copper, Tin and Zinc |
| Plastic | Polymers of Ethane (Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen) Thermo-plastics and Thermo-setting-plastics |
| Thermo-plastic | Soften when heated to become malleable. Poor heat conductors, affected by UV, resistant to acids and alkalis. Think waste pipes |
| Therm-setting-plastics | Once cooled any attempt to melt them will burn them. Think baths. |
| Fireclay / Ceramics | Baking (firing) clays and sands produces roof tiles, Belfast sinks, mortar, concrete, bathroom tiles, bricks |
| Strength | Compressive or Tensile |
| Compressive | How much it can be squashed |
| Tensile | How much it can be stretched |
| Hardness | Measured from 1-10. Ability of a substance to resist being scratched |
| Ductility | Bent out of shape without snapping |
| Malleability | Worked without breaking |
| Conductivity (heat) | How well a material allows distributes heat through itself |
| Conductivity (electricity) | How well a material allows electricity to pass through it |
| Oxidise | Chemical process that adds oxygen to a substance |
| Ultraviolet Radiation | Light beyond the visible spectrum. Has a heating effect. Damages chemical bonds |
| Molecular Bond | A 'bond' between atoms in a molecule |
| Rust | Iron Oxide. Oxidisation of Iron is speeded up by salt, pollutants and temperature |
| Electrolytic Corrosion | When a metal is exposed to water, sometimes the atoms dissolve into the water as ions. This stops a metal functioning according to design. |
| Ion | A charged atom |
| Anodic | Quick to dissolve in contact with Hydrogen Ions |
| Cathodic | Slow to dissolve in contact with Hydrogen Ions |
| Hydrogen Ion | A single Proton |
| Friction | Resistance to motion due to roughness of surfaces |
| Ineria | An objects' want to maintain its' state of motion or rest |
| Erosion Corrosion | The wearing away of a material due to dissolution or friction. |
| Water | 2H+ and O2- |
| Solvent | Other substances can dissolve in this substance |
| Solute | This substance can be disolved |
| Refrigerant | Ammonia, Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs), Propane and Hydroflourocarbons (HFCs). Used to cool systems. Utilise latency. |
| Latent Heat | A substance requires more energy to move between states than heat up in the state it is in. This causes the measurable temperature rise to stall |
| Sensible Heat | A substance within its own state will increase by a set temperature for every joule of energy |
| Anti-Freeze | Liquid added to water to lower the freezing point |
| Fuel Oils | Produced by distillation of petroleum used to generate heat. |
| Distillation | Heating liquids until gases then sucking vapours to separate compounds |
| Lubricants | Designed to reduce friction. |
| Compound | A substance of two or more elements chemically joined. |
| Boiling point (Water) | 99.98 degrees C or 373.13 K |
| Freezing point (Water) | 0 degrees C or 273.15 K |
| Superheated | If pressure forces liquids to stay liquids above their boiling point intense pressure is generated. |
| Gravity | Weak force of attraction between objects. |
| Cohesion | Weak force of attraction between polar molecules |
| Capillary Action | The phenomenon where a water climbs a short way up a narrow tube due to cohesion |
| pH | The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance |
| Permanent Hard Water | Calcium Sulphate solution |
| Temporary Hard Water | Calcium Carbonate solution |
| Compressed Air | Pneumatic tools use compressed air to operate, such as a nail gun firing a nail. |
| LPG | Liquid Petrolium Gas. Used for gas torches and off-grid cookers |
| Natural Gas | Used for Power generation and on-grid gas cookers |
| Carbon Dioxide | Piped around factories as compressed gas for pneumatics. Also in fire extinguishers and refrigeration. |
| Refrigerant Gasses | Used for air-con. Includes ammonia, CO2, methane, SO2, R22 (chlorodiflouromethane), E134A (tetraflouroethane) and mixes. |
| Natural Gas (boiling point) | -163 degrees C |
| Carbon Dioxide (boiling point) | -79 degrees C |
| R22 | -41 degrees C |
| R134A | -26 degrees C |
| Boyle's Law | The higher the pressure, the lower the volume (given a gas of given mass, at a set temperature). |
| Charles' Law | The higher the temperature, the greater the density (given a gas of given mass in a set volume) |
| Bimetallic Strip | A make-break contact that uses the different expansions of metals to cause the contact to bend. |
| Thermometer | Uses the direct expansion of alcohol or mercury to gauge temperature. |
| Digital Thermometer | A thermistor changes electrical resistance according to temperature and causes the digital value to change |
| Conduction | Heat transfer through a substance via vibration of atoms |
| Convection | Heated fluids cause a current to form, distributing energy evenly within the fluid. |
| Radiation | Heat transfer without a substance to move in. Simply described as heat waves |
| Energy | The ability to 'do work' on a substance. Measured in Joules. |
| Temperature | The measure of the degree of hotness (the ability of a substance to propagate heat to another substance) |
| Heat | The total energy associated with the vibration of molecules. |
| Joules | SI unit for energy. 1 Joule is equal to 1 Watt x 1 Second |
| Specific Heat Capacity | The amount of energy required to raise 1kg of a substance by 1degree C. kJ/kg*C |
| Watt | SI unit for power. 1 Watt is equal to 1 Joule per 1 Second |
| Force | The push or pull that acts on an object |
| Pressure | Force per unit area |
| Pascal | 1Pa is equal to 1Newton per Meter squared |
| Newton | The force required to accelerate 1kg 1m/s |
| Flow Rate | Cubic meters per Second |
| Bar | 100,000 Pascals (used in compressed gas cylinders) |
| psi | Pounds per square inch (outdated but still used on old cylinders) |
| Metre head | 1m of head = 1m of column water above valve or washer |
| Cubic metres per second | Flow rate |
| Kilograms per second | Flow rate as derived from SI units |
| Pressure head | Pressure from metre head on valve or washer |
| Dynamic pressure | Density and velocity of fluid Q = 1/2 pv^2 |
| Static pressure | Density x Gravity x Height |
| Mechanical advantage | The measure of force gained by using a mechanical device |
| Velocity ratio | Ratio of distance moved by the effort applied to the load: distance moved by the load itself |
| Lever | Class 1: See-saw Class 2: Wheelbarrow Class 3: Tweesers |
| Wheel and axel | First class lever |
| Pulley | Number of rope lengths directly proportional to division of load |
| Screw | Translates rotational motion into linear motion |
| Moment | The turning effect of a force |
| Newton's 1st Law | An object will retain its state of perpetual rest or motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force |
| Newton's 2nd Law | If acted upon by an unbalanced force, an object will accelerate |
| Newton's 3rd Law | For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| Centre of Gravity | The point at which the body would be balanced if suspended |
| Equilibruim | No resultant force or acceleration |
| Electricity | The flow of charged particles |
| Cell | -l |- |
| Potential Difference | Voltage or Electromotive Force |
| Voltage | The measure of energy available to to drive the flow of electrons |
| Electromotive Force | Voltage or Potential Difference |
| Resistance | Anything that slows the flow of charged particles. Measured in Ohms |
| Current | Flow of electrons between two points. Measured in Amperes (Amps) |
| Conductor | A substance that allows an electric current to flow |
| Insulator | A substance that does not allow an electric current to flow |
| Joule | 1Amp through 1Ohm in 1Second |
| Alternating Current (AC) | Produced by turbine generators. Used in most buildings powered from the National Grid. Electrons flow in waves like the tide |
| Direct Current (DC) | Produced by chemical generators. Electrons flow in one direction like a river |
| Ohm's Law | V=IR |
| Power Consumption | kW/h (Watts used per unit time) |
| Coulomb | 1 Coulomb is 1 Amp x 1 Second |
| Over-Current device | A tool to stop excess current damaging a circuit. The size is taken as the value immediately above the current rating of the equipment on the circuit. (for instance, a 10A hoover would require a 13A fuse) |
| Resistance in a Series Circuit | Rt = R1+R2+R3 (etc) |
| Resistance in a Parallel Circuit | 1/Rt = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 (etc) |
| Series Circuit | Circuit where the components share the current. The Voltage is split. |
| Parallel Circuit | Circuit where the components share the power supply. The Current is split |
| Circuit Breaker | A safety device that cuts the current flow to a device in fault conditions |
| Earthing and Bonding | Copper, or green and yellow. Safety cable that carries a current under fault conditions only |
| Live | A conductor that carries a current under normal working conditions |
| Line | Brown or red conductor. Carries the current from the supply to the load |
| Neutral | Blue or black conductor. Carries the current from the load back to the supply |
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BCOTelec
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