Chapter - 5 Chemical Kinetics/Equilibrium
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| chemical kinetics | study of rates of rxns, the effect of rxn conditions on these rates, and the mechanisms implied by such observations
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| mechanism | series of steps thru which a chemical rxn occurs
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| Rate-determining Step | the slowest step in a mechanism; overall rxn can't go faster than this step
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| Molarity | M; mol/L
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| Rate | M/s or mol/Lxs
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| Rate Law | the rate is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants raised to some power; rate = k [A]^x [B]^y
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| Rate Constant | k
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| Orders of rxn | exponents on the reactants (x and y)
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| overall order of a rxn | sum of exponents (x + y)
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| Zero-Order rxn | constant rate independent of reactant concentration so rate law is rate = k
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| First-Order rxn | rate is proportional to the concentration of one reactant; rate = k [A] (radioactive decay)
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| Second-Order rxn | rate is proportional to the concentration of two reactants or the square product of a single reactant; rate = k[A]2 or k[A][B]
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| Mixed-Order | has a fractional order; rate = k[A]^1/3
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| Higher-Order rxn | order greater than 2
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| Collision Theory of Chemical Kinetics | the rate of a rxn is proportional to the number of collisions per second btwn molecules
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| Activation E | min amount of E necessary for a rxn to take place; rate = fZ
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| rate = fZ | Z = number of collisions/s
f = fraction of effective collisons
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| Transition State/Activated Complex | greatest E, once formed it can dissociate into products or revert to reactants; exists at top of E barrier
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| Enthalpy | H; difference btwn PE of products and reactants. Products-Reactant
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| Exothermic | negative enthalpy and heat was given off
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| Endothermic | positive enthalpy and heat is absorbed/added
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| Reactant Concentrations affecting Rate | the higher the concentrations, the faster the rate cuz more collisions cept zero order rxns
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| Temperature | higher the temp, faster the rate
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| Medium | some reactions go faster in aqueous soln and others more in benzene; state (s l or g) can have effect too
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| Catalysts | substances that increase rxn rate w/o being consumed; they lower Ea.; increases frequency of collisions
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| Equilibrium | when there is no NET change in the concentrations of the products and reactants during a reversible rxn
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| Kc | equilibrium constant; kf/kr
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| Law of Mass Action | Kc = prducts^exponents/reactants^exponents
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| Keq characteristics | 1. pure solids and liquids DONT appear in equilibrium constant
2. at a given temp
3. If Keq is more than 1, then the mixture will have more products
4. If Keq is less than 1, then more reactants
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| Le Chatelier's Principle | a system to which a stress is applied tends to change so as to relieve the applied stress; used to determine the direction of a rxn after a stress is applied to equilibrium
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| Changes in Pressure/Volume | only for gases; V and P inversely proportional; If P increases, shift to least moles; if V increases, P decreases and shift to more moles
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| Temperature Changes | alters position of equilibrium and alters the value of equilibrium constant
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