Chemistry terms chapters 8- 16
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| Precipitation | The formation of a solid in a chemical reaction
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| Strong Electrolyte | A substance that dissolves in water by dissociating completely into ions
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| Soluable Solid | A solid that readily dissolves in water
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| Insoluable Solid | A solid that dissolves to such a small degree that it is not detectable to the naked eye
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| Molecular Equation | A chemical equation showing the complete forms of all reactants and products
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| Complete Ionic Equation | A chemical equation for a reaction in solution representing all strong electrolytes as ions
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| Spectator Ion | An ion presents in solution that does not participate in a reaction
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| Net Ionic Equation | A chemical equation for a reaction in solution showing only those components that are in directly involved in the equation. Strong electrolytes are shown as ions
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| Acid | A substance that produce H+ ions when it is dissolved in water
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| Base | A substance that produces OH- ions in water
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| Strong Acid | An acid that completely dissociates to produce H+ ions in solution
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| Strong Base | A base that completely dissociates to produce OH- ions in solution
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| Oxidation- Reduction Reaction | A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons
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| Double- Displacement Reaction | AB+CD= AD+CB
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| Single- Replacement Reaction | A+ BC= B+AC
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| Combustion Reaction | A chemical reaction involving oxygen as one of the reactants that produces enough heat so that a flame results
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| Synthesis/ Combination Reaction | A chemical reaction where a compound is formed from simpler materials
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| Decomposition Reaction | A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler compounds, or to the component elements
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| Stoichiometry | The process of using a balanced chemical equation to determine the relative masses of reactants and products involved in a reaction
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| Limiting Reactant | The reactant that is completely used up in a reaction
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| Theoretical Yield | The maximum amount of given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely consumed
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| Percent Yield | The actual yield of a product as the percentage of the theoretical yield
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| Wavelength | The distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave
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| Frequency | The number of waves per second that pass a given point in space
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| Photon | A particle of electromagnetic radiation
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| Orbital | The 3- dimensional region in which there is a high probability of finding an electron in an atom
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| Electron Confirguration | The arrangement of electrons in an atom
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| Valence Electron | The electron in the outermost principal energy level of an atom
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| Core Electron | An inner electron, an electron not in the outermost principal energy level of an atom
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| Metalloids | A few elements that exhibit both metallic and nonmetallic behavior
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| Ionization Energy | The amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion
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| Chemical Bond | The force that holds two or more atoms together and makes them function as a unit
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| Bond Energy | The amount of energy required to break a chemical bond
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| Ionic Compound | The compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal
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| Ionic Bonding | The attraction between oppositely charged ions
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| Covalent Bonding | A type of bonding in which atom share electron
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| Polar Covalent Bind | A covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts the shared electrons more than the other atom
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| Electronegativity | The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself
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| Dipole Moment | A property of a molecule in which the charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge
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| Lewis Structure | A representation of a molecule or polyatomic ion showing how valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule or ion
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| Bonding Pair | A pair of electrons that are shared between two atoms forming a covalent or polar- covalent bond
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| Lone Pair | Electron pairs in a Lewis structure that are not involved in bonding
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| Single Bond | A covalent or polar covalent bond in which one pair of electrons is shared by two atoms.
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| Double Bond | A covalent or polar covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms.
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| Triple Bond | A covalent or polar covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms.
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| Resonance | A condition occurring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule
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| Molecular Structure | The 3- dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule
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| Solution | A homogeneous mixture
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| Solvent | The dissolving medium in a solution
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| Solute | The substance dissolved in the solvent to make a solution
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| Aqueous solution | A solution with water as a solvent
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| Saturated | Describes a solution that contains as much solute as will dissolve at that temperature
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| Unsaturated | Describes a solution in which more solute can dissolve than is dissolved already at that temperature
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| Supersaturated | Describes a solution that contains more solute that a saturated solution will hold at that temperature
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| Concentrated | Describes a solution in which a relatively large amount of solute is dissolved in a solution
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| Dilute | Decribes a solution in which a relatively small amount of solute is dissolved in a solution
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| Molarity | The amount of solute in moles and the volume of the solution in liters
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| Standard Solution | A solution in which the concentration is accurately known
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| Dilution | The process of adding solvent to a solution to lower the concentration of solute
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| Equivalent of an Acid | The amount of acid that can furnish one mole of hydrogen ions (H+)
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| Equivalent of a Base | The amount of base that can furnish one mole of hydroxide ions (OH-)
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| Equivalent Weight | The mass (in grams) of one equivalent of an acid or a base
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| Colligative Property | A property that is dependent only on the number of solute particles present in solution
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| Normality | The equivalents of solute in liters of solution
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| Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases | Acid produce (H+) ions in solution, Bases produce (OH-) in solution
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| Conjugate Acid | The substance formed when a proton is added to a base
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| Conjugate Base | The remaining substance when a proton is lost from an acid
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| Conjugate Acid- Base Pair | Two substances related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single proton
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| Hydronium Ion | H30+
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| Diprotic Acid | An acid that can furnish two protons
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| Oxyacid | An acid in which the acidic proton is attached to an oxygen atom
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| Organic Acid | An acid with a carbon- atom backbone and a carboxyl group
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| Amphoteric Substance | A substance that can behave either as an acid or a base
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| Indicator (acid- base) | A chemical that changes color depending on the pH of the solution
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| Indicator Paper | A strip of paper coated with a combination of acid- base indicators
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| pH Meter | A device used to measure the pH of a solution
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| Neutralization Reaction | An acid- base reaction
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| Titration | A technique in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution
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| Standard Solution | A solution in which the concentration is accurately known
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| Buret | A device used for the accurate measurement of the delivery of a given volume of a liquid or solution
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| Equivalence Point | The point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution that is being titrated
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| Titration Curve | A plot of pH of solution versus volume of titrant added to a given solution
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| Buffered Solution | A solution that resists a change in pH when either an acid or a base are added
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