Organic Chemistry Definitions
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| Curly arrow | movement of an electron pair to form/break a new covalent bond
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| electronegativity | measure of attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond.
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| zwitterion | dipolar ionic form of an amino acid formed by the donation of a hydrogen ion from the carboxyl group to the amino group. No overall charge
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| Isoelectric point | pH value where the amino acids exists as a zwitterion
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| Condensation polymerisation | monomers bond to form the polymer chain and water is eliminated from this reaction
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| Condensation | two small molecules react together to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule e.g. water
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| biodegradable | polymer that breaks down completely into carbon dioxide and water.
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| degradable | polymer that breaks down into smaller fragments when exposed to heat or light.
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| phase | physically distinct form of a a substance
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| mobile phase | the phase that moves in chromotography
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| stationary phase | the phase that does not move in chromotography
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| chromatography | technique used for separating components in a mixture
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| Adsorption | process by which a solid holds molecules of a gas or liquid as a thin film on the surface of a solid
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| chromatogram | visible record showing the results of separation by chromotography
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| Retention time | time taken in gas chromatography for a component to pass from the column inlet to the detector.
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| enantiomers | optical isomer
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| achiral | not an optical isomer
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| racemic mixture | contains equal amounts of both optical isomers (racemates) does not rotate light
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| stereospecific | one isomer interacts with the enzymes
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| chirality | 4 different groups, do not superimpose
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| chiral synthesis | enzyme produces one isomer
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| chiral pool sythesis | start with one stereospecific isomer resulting in pure optical drug
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| transition metal complexes | catalyses produce, one isomer
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| synthetic | both isomers, need a stronger dose, cheaper, side effects
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| Problems with synthetic | isomers difficult to separate due to the same chemical and physical properties
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| natural | one isomer, need a weaker dose, expensive, no side effects,
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| Problems with natural | enzymes are costly and time consuming
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