AQA AS Level Chemistry
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| Ionisation Energy | The energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of atoms in a gaseous state to form uni-positive ions.
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| Atomic Number | The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (aka proton number)
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| Relative Atomic mass (Ar) | The average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account its naturally occurring isotopes, relative to 1/12 the relative atomic mass of an atom of carbon-12
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| Relative Molecular mass (Mr) | The mass of a molecule compared to 1/12 the relative atomic mass of an atom of Carbon-12
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| The Ideal Gas equation | PV=nRT
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| Empirical Formula | The formula that represents the simplest ratio of atoms present in a compound.
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| Molecular Formula | The actual number of atoms present in a compound
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| Atom Economy | (Mass of desired product/Total mass of reactants)x 100
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| Percentage Yield | The number of moles/grams of a specified product / theoretical max. no. of moles/grams of the product)x 100
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| Electronegativity | The power of an atom to attract electron density in a covalent bond towards itself
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| van der Waals | A type of intermolecular force of attraction that is caused by instantaneous dipoles and acts between all molecules and atoms
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| Dipole-Dipole Force | An intermolecular force that results from the attraction between molecules with permanent dipoles
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| Hydrogen Bonding | A type of intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom interacts with another electronegative atom
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| Intermolecular Forces | Weak forces occurring between molecules
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| Displayed Formula | This shows every atom and every bond in a molecule
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| Structural Formula | This shows the unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule in a simplified form, without showing all of the bonds
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| Chain Isomer | Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different types of chains, i.e.linear and branched
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| Positional Isomer | Isomers that arise due to different positions of side chains, substituents, functional groups, double bonds, triple bonds etc...on the parent chain
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| Structural Isomer | Having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement
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| Homologous Series | a family of organic compounds, with the same functional group, but different carbon chain length
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| Fractional Distillation | The process of heating and separating fractions that boil over a range of different temperatures
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| Enthalpy Change | An energy (heat) change measured under stated conditions of temperature and pressure
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| Standard enthalpy of formation | The standard/average enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is formed from its constituent elements under standard conditions
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| Standard enthalpy of Combustion | The standard/average enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is burned completely in oxygen under standard conditions.
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| Standard enthalpy of a reaction | The standard/average heat energy given out of taken in as a reaction proceeds
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| Hess's Law | The enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is the same regardless of the route taken from reactants to products
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