Final Exam
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| Displacement | Functional groups replace other functional groups
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| Dehydration | Removal of water
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| Acetylation | Adding an acetyl group
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| Diazotization/Coupling | the sulfanilic acid sodium salt reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid(nitrous acid) to form an unstable diazonium salt; the diazonium ion is used “in situ” and reacts with N,N-dimethylaniline to form an acidic azo
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| Saponification | The reaction of a fat or oil with aqueous hydroxide ion to yield carboxylic acid salts of fatty acids (soap). Converts oil/fat (triglyceride) into soap.
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| Hydrolysis | The reverse reaction between water and the ester to yield an alcohol and carboxylic acid
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| Esterification | the forward reaction between the alcohol and acid to form an ester and water
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| Benzoin Condensation | A reaction where two aromatic aldehydes condense to form a acyloin derivative in which a base catalyst is used. This reaction can form symmetrical or unsymmetrical acyloin derivatives.
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| addition polymerization | Addition polymers are formed when the monomer units add to one another to form a long-chain polymer. The monomer units usually contain carbon-carbon double bonds (alkenes). Teflon.
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| condensation Polymerization | formed by the reaction of bifunctional or poly functional molecules, with the elimination of a small molecule (such as H2O, NH3, or HCl) as a side product. Nylon.
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| Oxidation/Reduction | is the loss of electrons by an atom [lose H or gain O]; is the gain of electrons by an atom [gain H or lose O]
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| Simple distillation | Purifying liquid
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| Extraction | to take something out of a mixture/compound
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| Drying agents | absorb excess moisture and water
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| Gravity filtration | separate solid from liquid using gravity, a funnel, and filter paper
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| Neutralization | a chemical reaction where a base and an acid react to form a salt
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| Salting out | a purification method that utilizes the reduced solubility of certain molecules in a solution of very high ionic strength
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| Steam distillation | distillation for temperature sensitive molecules like aromatic molecules. Adding steam depresses the boiling point of these molecules, allowing them to evaporate at lower temperatures
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| Vacuum filtration | similar to gravity filtration, but utilizes a vacuum
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| Recrystallization | a purification method
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| TLC analysis | thin layer chromatography used to separate mixtures
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| Rotary evaporator (vacuum distillation) | gently removes solvents from samples by evaporation. lowers the pressure and therefore the boiling point
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| Reflux setup | similar to distillation but allows the gas to drip back into the flask. Used when a reaction needs to be heated in order to take place and when we don’t want to separate the gas from the reaction flask
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| Melting point determination | Shows the purity of a solid
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| IR analysis | Shows the functional groups
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| Base trap | neutralizes acidic vapors
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| Titration | used to determine the concentration of a solution
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| Nucleophile | donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction
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| Carbocation | molecule with a positively charged carbon ion
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| Alpha hydrogens | hydrogens that are directly bonded to an alpha carbon
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| Carbanion or enolate | a carbon with a negative charge
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| Aldol | Alpha-beta hydroxy ketone or aldehyde
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| FDA | Food and Drug Administration
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| Color index | numerical expression that determines the color of an object
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| Electrophile | positively charged species that are attracted to an electron rich center
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| Electron donating group | an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density from a conjugated π system via resonance or inductive electron withdrawal; -CH3
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| Electron withdrawing group | is an atom or functional group that removes electron density from a conjugated π system via resonance or inductive electron withdrawal; -COOH
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| Addition polymer | a polymer that is formed by an addition reaction. The monomer usually contains a double bond, the pi bond gets broken and two new single bonds forms
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| Condensation polymer | formed by the reaction of bifunctional or poly functional molecules, with the elimination of a small molecule (such as H2O, NH3, or HCl) as a side product.
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| Homopolymer | Polymers that contain only a single type of repeat unit
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| Meta directors | Non-halogen groups with atoms that are more electronegative than carbon, such as a carboxylic acid group (CO2H) draw substantial electron density from the pi system.
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| Ortho/para directors | Groups with unshared pairs of electrons, such as the amino group of aniline, are strongly activating. Such activating groups donate those unshared electrons to the pi system.
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| Dimerize | a compound formed by combination of two identical molecules.
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| Free radical | atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons
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| Initiation | involves the homolytic cleavage of the O-O bond of the benzoyl peroxide to form benzoyl free radical (R)
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| Propagation | involves the free radical addition to another styrene monomer. This step repeats for hundreds or thousands of times, building up the polymer chain.
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| Termination | involves the reaction of two free radicals to make a covalent bond and end the polymer build up
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| Limiting reactant | The reactant in a chemical reaction that limits the amount of product that can be formed.
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| Theoretical yield | the amount of product that would be formed if the reaction went to completion.
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| Vitamin B1 | thiamine
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| Inorganic coenzymes | tightly-bound cofactors
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| cofactor | is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity; vitamins
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| Amino acid | biologically important organic compounds made from amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each
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| Polypeptides | a long, continuous, and unbranched peptide
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| Reducing agent | is the element or compound in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction that donates an electron to another species
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| benzoyl peroxide | a radical initiator
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| KMnO4 test | Shows positive test for: aldehydes, alkenes and phenols; negative: purple; positive: yellow
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| Br2/CH2Cl2 test (Bromine test) | test for the presence of carbon to carbon double bonds and phenols; negative=brown; positive=clear
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| Rotary evaporator | gently removes solvents from samples by evaporation. lowers the pressure and therefore the boiling point
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| Azeotrope | a liquid mixture with a constant boiling point and composition
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| Distillate | a liquid product condensed from vapor during distillation
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| Filtrate | Material, especially liquid, that has passed through a filter
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| Salt plates | Used in IRs to hold the substance
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| Mobile phase | the part of the chromatographic system which carries the solutes through the stationary phase.
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| Silica gel plate | stationary phase in thin layer chromatography
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| stationary phase | is the substance fixed in place for the chromatography procedure.
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| essential oil | volatile constituent of seeds, bark, or roots of plants
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| Leaving group | molecular fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond cleavage
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| Nonionic detergent | characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic head groups based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside
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| Tautomers | isomers that are rapidly interconverted
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| In situ | made in solution as opposed to a premade reactant
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| a,b unsaturated ketones and aldehydes (or enones and enals) | ketone followed by a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons in respect to the carbonyl
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| coupler (coupling reaction?) | variety of reactions where two hydrocarbon fragments are coupled with the aid of a metal catalyst
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| F,D,&C dye | Food, drug and cosmetic dye
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| azo dye | example of this is tartrazine which is used to dye wool and silk by making salt linkages with the NH3 zwitterionic sites on the fiber
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| chromophore | a simple unsaturated group that is attached to a benzene ring or fused aromatic ring. This is the part of the molecule responsible for its color
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| auxochrome | an electron donating group attached to a benzene ring or fused aromatic ring
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| copolymer | a polymer derived from two (or more) monomeric species
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| soap | carboxylic acid salt
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| cationic dyes | (basic dyes) have -C+NR2 (+) groups that interact with the -COO(-) groups (zwitterions) in the wool, silk or nylon fibers. Ionic bonds are formed between NEGATIVE sites on the fiber and POSITIVE groups on the dye molecule
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| anionic dye | (acid dyes) have -SO3(-) groups that interact with the =NH3(+) groups (zwitterions) in the wool, silk or nylon fibers. Ionic bonds are formed between POSITIVE sites on the fiber and NEGATIVE groups on the dye molecule
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| analgesic | substances that reduce swelling and pain
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| antipyretic | substances that reduce fever
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| % recovery | amount recovered from a recrystallization
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| % yield | (actual/theoretical)x100
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| actual yield | the amount of product yielded from a reaction
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| ylide | a compound or intermediate with positive and negative charge on adjacent atoms
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| organic coenzymes | inorganic ions such as metal ions (Cu+2, K+1, etc.)
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| protein | a large biological molecule consisting of one or more chains of amino acids
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| nitric acid (as oxidizing agent) | a powerful oxidizing agent and reacts violently with many organic materials and the reactions may be explosive.
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| oxidizing agent | substance that removes electrons from another reactant
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| builders | water softeners that remove calcium ions from solution
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| triglyceride | a fat that gets converted into a soap via saponification
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| saponification | the reaction of a fat or oil with aqueous hydroxide ion to yield carboxylic acid salts of fatty acids
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| hydrophilic | water loving
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| hydrophobic | water hating
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| micelle | cluster ball with dirt and grease particles that are left behind in water from soap that doesn’t dissolve
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| curdling | a reaction where an emulsion is broken down
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| biodegradable | to be consumed by microorganisms and return to compounds found in nature
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| plate spotting | placing too much dye or substance on a TLC chromatography paper
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| Rf value | physical property of the substance under the conditions of the analysis in chromatography
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| Iodoform Test | Tests for methyl ketones and methyl aldehydes; yellow=positive
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| Benedict’s test | test for aliphatic aldehydes; red=positive
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| semicarbazide | used in TLC chromatography as a detection agent for alpha-keto acids
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| 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine | tests for carbonyl groups of ketones and aldehydes
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| pheramone | a substance that provides a chemical means of communication
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