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CHM 2211L
Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Displacement | Functional groups replace other functional groups |
| Dehydration | Removal of water |
| Acetylation | Adding an acetyl group |
| Diazotization/Coupling | the sulfanilic acid sodium salt reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid(nitrous acid) to form an unstable diazonium salt; the diazonium ion is used “in situ” and reacts with N,N-dimethylaniline to form an acidic azo |
| Saponification | The reaction of a fat or oil with aqueous hydroxide ion to yield carboxylic acid salts of fatty acids (soap). Converts oil/fat (triglyceride) into soap. |
| Hydrolysis | The reverse reaction between water and the ester to yield an alcohol and carboxylic acid |
| Esterification | the forward reaction between the alcohol and acid to form an ester and water |
| Benzoin Condensation | A reaction where two aromatic aldehydes condense to form a acyloin derivative in which a base catalyst is used. This reaction can form symmetrical or unsymmetrical acyloin derivatives. |
| addition polymerization | Addition polymers are formed when the monomer units add to one another to form a long-chain polymer. The monomer units usually contain carbon-carbon double bonds (alkenes). Teflon. |
| condensation Polymerization | formed by the reaction of bifunctional or poly functional molecules, with the elimination of a small molecule (such as H2O, NH3, or HCl) as a side product. Nylon. |
| Oxidation/Reduction | is the loss of electrons by an atom [lose H or gain O]; is the gain of electrons by an atom [gain H or lose O] |
| Simple distillation | Purifying liquid |
| Extraction | to take something out of a mixture/compound |
| Drying agents | absorb excess moisture and water |
| Gravity filtration | separate solid from liquid using gravity, a funnel, and filter paper |
| Neutralization | a chemical reaction where a base and an acid react to form a salt |
| Salting out | a purification method that utilizes the reduced solubility of certain molecules in a solution of very high ionic strength |
| Steam distillation | distillation for temperature sensitive molecules like aromatic molecules. Adding steam depresses the boiling point of these molecules, allowing them to evaporate at lower temperatures |
| Vacuum filtration | similar to gravity filtration, but utilizes a vacuum |
| Recrystallization | a purification method |
| TLC analysis | thin layer chromatography used to separate mixtures |
| Rotary evaporator (vacuum distillation) | gently removes solvents from samples by evaporation. lowers the pressure and therefore the boiling point |
| Reflux setup | similar to distillation but allows the gas to drip back into the flask. Used when a reaction needs to be heated in order to take place and when we don’t want to separate the gas from the reaction flask |
| Melting point determination | Shows the purity of a solid |
| IR analysis | Shows the functional groups |
| Base trap | neutralizes acidic vapors |
| Titration | used to determine the concentration of a solution |
| Nucleophile | donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction |
| Carbocation | molecule with a positively charged carbon ion |
| Alpha hydrogens | hydrogens that are directly bonded to an alpha carbon |
| Carbanion or enolate | a carbon with a negative charge |
| Aldol | Alpha-beta hydroxy ketone or aldehyde |
| FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
| Color index | numerical expression that determines the color of an object |
| Electrophile | positively charged species that are attracted to an electron rich center |
| Electron donating group | an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density from a conjugated π system via resonance or inductive electron withdrawal; -CH3 |
| Electron withdrawing group | is an atom or functional group that removes electron density from a conjugated π system via resonance or inductive electron withdrawal; -COOH |
| Addition polymer | a polymer that is formed by an addition reaction. The monomer usually contains a double bond, the pi bond gets broken and two new single bonds forms |
| Condensation polymer | formed by the reaction of bifunctional or poly functional molecules, with the elimination of a small molecule (such as H2O, NH3, or HCl) as a side product. |
| Homopolymer | Polymers that contain only a single type of repeat unit |
| Meta directors | Non-halogen groups with atoms that are more electronegative than carbon, such as a carboxylic acid group (CO2H) draw substantial electron density from the pi system. |
| Ortho/para directors | Groups with unshared pairs of electrons, such as the amino group of aniline, are strongly activating. Such activating groups donate those unshared electrons to the pi system. |
| Dimerize | a compound formed by combination of two identical molecules. |
| Free radical | atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons |
| Initiation | involves the homolytic cleavage of the O-O bond of the benzoyl peroxide to form benzoyl free radical (R) |
| Propagation | involves the free radical addition to another styrene monomer. This step repeats for hundreds or thousands of times, building up the polymer chain. |
| Termination | involves the reaction of two free radicals to make a covalent bond and end the polymer build up |
| Limiting reactant | The reactant in a chemical reaction that limits the amount of product that can be formed. |
| Theoretical yield | the amount of product that would be formed if the reaction went to completion. |
| Vitamin B1 | thiamine |
| Inorganic coenzymes | tightly-bound cofactors |
| cofactor | is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity; vitamins |
| Amino acid | biologically important organic compounds made from amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each |
| Polypeptides | a long, continuous, and unbranched peptide |
| Reducing agent | is the element or compound in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction that donates an electron to another species |
| benzoyl peroxide | a radical initiator |
| KMnO4 test | Shows positive test for: aldehydes, alkenes and phenols; negative: purple; positive: yellow |
| Br2/CH2Cl2 test (Bromine test) | test for the presence of carbon to carbon double bonds and phenols; negative=brown; positive=clear |
| Rotary evaporator | gently removes solvents from samples by evaporation. lowers the pressure and therefore the boiling point |
| Azeotrope | a liquid mixture with a constant boiling point and composition |
| Distillate | a liquid product condensed from vapor during distillation |
| Filtrate | Material, especially liquid, that has passed through a filter |
| Salt plates | Used in IRs to hold the substance |
| Mobile phase | the part of the chromatographic system which carries the solutes through the stationary phase. |
| Silica gel plate | stationary phase in thin layer chromatography |
| stationary phase | is the substance fixed in place for the chromatography procedure. |
| essential oil | volatile constituent of seeds, bark, or roots of plants |
| Leaving group | molecular fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond cleavage |
| Nonionic detergent | characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic head groups based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside |
| Tautomers | isomers that are rapidly interconverted |
| In situ | made in solution as opposed to a premade reactant |
| a,b unsaturated ketones and aldehydes (or enones and enals) | ketone followed by a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons in respect to the carbonyl |
| coupler (coupling reaction?) | variety of reactions where two hydrocarbon fragments are coupled with the aid of a metal catalyst |
| F,D,&C dye | Food, drug and cosmetic dye |
| azo dye | example of this is tartrazine which is used to dye wool and silk by making salt linkages with the NH3 zwitterionic sites on the fiber |
| chromophore | a simple unsaturated group that is attached to a benzene ring or fused aromatic ring. This is the part of the molecule responsible for its color |
| auxochrome | an electron donating group attached to a benzene ring or fused aromatic ring |
| copolymer | a polymer derived from two (or more) monomeric species |
| soap | carboxylic acid salt |
| cationic dyes | (basic dyes) have -C+NR2 (+) groups that interact with the -COO(-) groups (zwitterions) in the wool, silk or nylon fibers. Ionic bonds are formed between NEGATIVE sites on the fiber and POSITIVE groups on the dye molecule |
| anionic dye | (acid dyes) have -SO3(-) groups that interact with the =NH3(+) groups (zwitterions) in the wool, silk or nylon fibers. Ionic bonds are formed between POSITIVE sites on the fiber and NEGATIVE groups on the dye molecule |
| analgesic | substances that reduce swelling and pain |
| antipyretic | substances that reduce fever |
| % recovery | amount recovered from a recrystallization |
| % yield | (actual/theoretical)x100 |
| actual yield | the amount of product yielded from a reaction |
| ylide | a compound or intermediate with positive and negative charge on adjacent atoms |
| organic coenzymes | inorganic ions such as metal ions (Cu+2, K+1, etc.) |
| protein | a large biological molecule consisting of one or more chains of amino acids |
| nitric acid (as oxidizing agent) | a powerful oxidizing agent and reacts violently with many organic materials and the reactions may be explosive. |
| oxidizing agent | substance that removes electrons from another reactant |
| builders | water softeners that remove calcium ions from solution |
| triglyceride | a fat that gets converted into a soap via saponification |
| saponification | the reaction of a fat or oil with aqueous hydroxide ion to yield carboxylic acid salts of fatty acids |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water hating |
| micelle | cluster ball with dirt and grease particles that are left behind in water from soap that doesn’t dissolve |
| curdling | a reaction where an emulsion is broken down |
| biodegradable | to be consumed by microorganisms and return to compounds found in nature |
| plate spotting | placing too much dye or substance on a TLC chromatography paper |
| Rf value | physical property of the substance under the conditions of the analysis in chromatography |
| Iodoform Test | Tests for methyl ketones and methyl aldehydes; yellow=positive |
| Benedict’s test | test for aliphatic aldehydes; red=positive |
| semicarbazide | used in TLC chromatography as a detection agent for alpha-keto acids |
| 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine | tests for carbonyl groups of ketones and aldehydes |
| pheramone | a substance that provides a chemical means of communication |
Created by:
JacobGant
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