Review of terms from second semester
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| The reactant that determines the amount of product formed is called | the limiting reactant
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| When you determine theoretical yield you do a/an | calculation
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| When you determine the actual yield you do a/an | experiment
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| Which is generally greater, the actual yield or theoretical yield? | theoretical
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| Standard temperature and pressure is | 1 atm and 0 C.
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| For gas law problems, temperature must be in ______________ | Kelvin
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| What are the 4 variables that describe a gaseous system? | pressure, volume, temperature, amount (moles or mass)
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| Pressure and amount of gas are _______________ related. | directly
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| Temperature and volume are ________________ related. | directly
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| Pressure and volume are __________________ related. | inversely
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| What are intermolecular forces (IMF)? | forces between molecules or particles
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| London dispersion force | temporary dipole created by electron cloud repulsion
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| Dipole-Dipole force | force between 2 polar molecules with permanent polar ends
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| Hydrogen bonding | force created when a hydrogen is directly attached to N, O, or F.
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| List the 3 IMF in order of weakest to strongest | London dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding
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| As the IMF of a substance becomes stronger, the melting point and boiling points of the substance become HIGHER OR LOWER | HIGHER
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| TRUE OR FALSE: A substance can have all 3 types of IMF. | TRUE
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| Define solute | the substance being dissolved
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| Define solvent | the substance doing the dissolving
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| What 3 factors affect the rate of dissolving? | temperature, surface area of the solute, stirring
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| What types of compounds are soluble in water? | polar covalent or ionic
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| What does "like dissolves like" mean? | substances that are alike in polarity or IMF will dissolve each other
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| What happens when you add more crystals to a saturated solution? | they sink to the bottom of the container
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| What happens when you add more crystals to an unsaturated solution? | they dissolve
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| What happens when you add more crystals to a supersaturated solution? | the solution crystalizes into a solid
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| The solubility of most solid substances INCREASES OR DECREASES as temperature increases. | INCREASES
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| The solubility of gases INCREASES OR DECREASES as temperature increases. | DECREASES
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| Pressure changes the solubility of _____________ and ______________. | gases and liquids
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| Molarity describes the | concentration of solutions
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| Units for molarity | moles/liter
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| What do colligative properties depend on? | the concentration or number of particles
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| What happens to the boiling point of water when a solute is added? | increases (boiling point elevation)
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| What happens to the freezing point of water when a solute is added? | decreases (freezing point depression)
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| A substance that breaks into ions in a solution to carry an electrical change is called a/an ___________________. | electrolyte
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| A substance that doesn't ionize in water (doesn't break apart) is called a/an __________________. | non-electrolyte
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| Chemical equilibrium is when | the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
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| A double arrow signifies a _______________ reaction. | reversible
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| A single arrow signifies a _______________ reaction. | completion
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| The formation of a precipitate of the formation of a gas in a open container are both ________________ reactions. | completion
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| The equilibrium constant (Keq) is a ratio of | products to reactants (excluding solids and liquids)
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| If Keq is greater than one PRODUCTS OR REACTANTS are favored. | PRODUCTS (or forward reaction)
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| If Keq is less than one PRODUCTS OR REACTANTS are favored. | REACTANTS (or reverse reaction)
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| What type of substances are Ksp written for? | insoluble or slightly soluble
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| TRUE OR FALSE: Ksp uses the same rules as Keq> | TRUE
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| What do we call H30+? | hydronium ion
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| TRUE OR FALSE: H+ is the same as H30+ | TRUE
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| Define Arrhenius acid | ionizes into H+
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| Define Bronsted-Lowry acid | Proton donor
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| Define Arrhenius base | ionizes into OH-
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| Define Bronsted-Lowry base | Proton acceptor
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| When dealing with acid-base pairs, an acid has a conjugate _________. | base
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| When dealing with acid-base pairs, a base has a conjugate __________. | acid
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| Strong acids or bases ionize ________________. | completely or 100%
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| Weak acids or bases ionize __________________. | partially
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| Substances with a pH less than 7 are _________. | acids
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| Substances with a pH greater than 7 are ____________. | bases
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| Substances with a pH of 7 are called ________________. | neutral
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| A method for finding the concentration of a solution by reacting a known volume of the solution with a solution of known concentration is called __________________. | titration
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| The point in a titration where the moles of acid are equal to the moles of base is called the _____________________. | equivalence point
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| The point in a titration where the indicator changes color is called the _______________________. | end point
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| At the equivalence point in the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, the pH will be _______________. | 7
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| The long glass tube with graduated markings that is used in a titration is called a __________________. | buret
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| When a strong acid and strong base react to form an ionic salt and water we call this reaction a __________________ reaction | neutralization
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| The standard solution in a titration is the solution for which the concentration is KNOWN OR UNKNOWN. | KNOWN
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| In order for a reaction to occur, the reactants must _________________ with enough ________________ and the correct ____________________. | collide
energy
orientation
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| When reactants collide with enough energy and the correct orientation, a/an _____________________ is formed which can then form a product. | activated complex
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| The amount of energy needed for an effective collision is called __________________ energy. | activation
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| In an exothermic reaction, the energy of the products is HIGHER OR LOWER than the energy of the reactants. | LOWER
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| In an endothermic reaction, the energy of the products is HIGHER OR LOWER than the energy of the reactants. | HIGHER
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| How does increasing the temperature affect the rate of a chemical reaction? | It increases the energy of the collisions.
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| How does increasing the concentration affect the rate of a chemical reaction? | It increases the number of collisions.
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| How does stirring affect the rate of a chemical reaction? | It increases the number of collisions.
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| How does adding a catalyst affect the rate of a chemical reaction? | It lowers activation energy or gives and alternate energy pathway
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| How does increasing the surface area affect the rate or a chemical reaction? | It increases the number of collision places.
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| Enthalpy is | heat (delta H)
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| Entropy is | disorder (delta S)
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| TRUE OR FALSE: In nature things become more organized. | FALSE
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| Spontaneous reactions: (positive or negative) delta G is delta H is delta S is | negative
negative
positive
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| Reactions that are never spontaneous: (positive or negative) delta G is delta H is delta S is | positive
positive
negative
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