Chemistry GCSE
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| lithosphere | cold and rigid outer part of the earth; consists of upper mantle and crust
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| subduction | when one tectonic plate (higher density oceanic plate) slides underneath another (lower density continental plate) and is partially remelted in the magma
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| iron-rich basalt | lava that is quite runny and has fairly safe eruptions
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| silica-rich rhyolite | thicker lava that results in more violent and catastrophic eruptions; makes pumice, volcanic ash and bombs
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| thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate | calcium carbonate --> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2
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| composite material | a material that combines the best properties of each component material
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| extraction of copper from copper ore | copper oxide + carbon --> copper + carbon dioxide
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| electrolysis | the use of an electric current to break down compounds into simpler substances
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| electrolyte | the liquid/solution in which the electricity passes through (e.g. copper(II) sulfate in electrolysis of copper)
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| anode of copper electrolysis | positive electrode
Cu - 2e- --> Cu2+ (oxidation process b/c electrons are lost)
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| cathode of copper electrolysis | negative electrode
Cu2+ + 2e- --> Cu (reduction b/c electrons are gained)
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| alloy | a mixture of a metal with another element (usually another metal)
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| smart alloy | a mixture of two or more metals or non-metals that changes its properties according to the environment (e.g. nitinol)
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| rusting | oxidation reaction (oxygen added to substance):
iron + oxygen + water --> hydrated iron(III) oxide
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| aluminium oxide | formed when aluminium comes into contact with air and water as a protective layer; will not flake off.
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| haber process | the large scale production of ammonia with nitrogen and hydrogen:
N2 + 2H2 ⇌ 2NH3
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| neutralisation | acid + base --> salt + water
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| neutralisation of acid with carbonate | acid + carbonate --> salt + water + carbon dioxide
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| fertilisers | chemicals that give plants essential chemical elements needed for growth: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and urea
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| eutrophication | the excessive growth and decay of aquatic plants due to increased levels of nutrients in water, which result in oxygen levels dropping so fish and animals die out
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| electrolysis of sodium chloride | produces sodium hydroxide in the solution, hydrogen at the cathode and chlorine at the anode
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| cathode of sodium chloride electrolysis | 2H+ + 2e- --> H2 (reduction)
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| anode of sodium chloride electrolysis | 2Cl- - 2e- --> Cl2 (oxidation)
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