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C2
Chemistry GCSE
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| lithosphere | cold and rigid outer part of the earth; consists of upper mantle and crust |
| subduction | when one tectonic plate (higher density oceanic plate) slides underneath another (lower density continental plate) and is partially remelted in the magma |
| iron-rich basalt | lava that is quite runny and has fairly safe eruptions |
| silica-rich rhyolite | thicker lava that results in more violent and catastrophic eruptions; makes pumice, volcanic ash and bombs |
| thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate | calcium carbonate --> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2 |
| composite material | a material that combines the best properties of each component material |
| extraction of copper from copper ore | copper oxide + carbon --> copper + carbon dioxide |
| electrolysis | the use of an electric current to break down compounds into simpler substances |
| electrolyte | the liquid/solution in which the electricity passes through (e.g. copper(II) sulfate in electrolysis of copper) |
| anode of copper electrolysis | positive electrode Cu - 2e- --> Cu2+ (oxidation process b/c electrons are lost) |
| cathode of copper electrolysis | negative electrode Cu2+ + 2e- --> Cu (reduction b/c electrons are gained) |
| alloy | a mixture of a metal with another element (usually another metal) |
| smart alloy | a mixture of two or more metals or non-metals that changes its properties according to the environment (e.g. nitinol) |
| rusting | oxidation reaction (oxygen added to substance): iron + oxygen + water --> hydrated iron(III) oxide |
| aluminium oxide | formed when aluminium comes into contact with air and water as a protective layer; will not flake off. |
| haber process | the large scale production of ammonia with nitrogen and hydrogen: N2 + 2H2 ⇌ 2NH3 |
| neutralisation | acid + base --> salt + water |
| neutralisation of acid with carbonate | acid + carbonate --> salt + water + carbon dioxide |
| fertilisers | chemicals that give plants essential chemical elements needed for growth: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and urea |
| eutrophication | the excessive growth and decay of aquatic plants due to increased levels of nutrients in water, which result in oxygen levels dropping so fish and animals die out |
| electrolysis of sodium chloride | produces sodium hydroxide in the solution, hydrogen at the cathode and chlorine at the anode |
| cathode of sodium chloride electrolysis | 2H+ + 2e- --> H2 (reduction) |
| anode of sodium chloride electrolysis | 2Cl- - 2e- --> Cl2 (oxidation) |
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nadiabacha
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