Animal Behavior 3
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| Sexual selection theory: | the advantage certain individuals have to others in terms of sex... (pretty similar to natural selection, heredity variation, reproductive differential(in sexual selection)
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| Intrasexual selection | (mate competition)
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| Intersexual selection | (mate choice)
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| Ansiogamy: | 2 Separate type of gametes
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| Isogamy: | ametes are both the same size
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| Sexual difference theory | two different sexes
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| Disruptive selection: | 2 extreme trait values that have a higher fitness than some intermediate value
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| Larger zygotes have higher viability because they have more resources for survival. Small gametes have a numerical advantage so there are more but | fewer will survive. While a larger gamete has more nutrients and a higher potential or fitness.
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| Bateman’s hypothesis | suggests that in most species variability in reproductive success, or "reproductive variance," is greater in males than in females.
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| Male reproductive success is limited by | number of mates obtained
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| Parental investment theory (Robert Trivers) | The sex that pays the higher cost of parental investment should be choosier when it comes to mates. The other sex will then experience more intense sexual selection
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| Weapons vs. Ornaments | Weapons for aggression and ornaments for attracting opposite sex
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| Operational sex ration | The ratio of sexually active males to sexually receptive females
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| Cukoloidy: | Male and female parental certainty. Females are more certain and males are less
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| Leks: | Display sites w/ no resources where peafowl rattle their tails and display their eyespots
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| Male Dominance Hierarchy | alpha male system
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| Alternative mating tactics | -Satellite males: male hangs nearby and waits for opportunity to mate
-Sneaker males: male stays undetected until he sneaks upon a mate
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| Cryptic female choice | you don’t know which male will be chosen
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| Mate guarding | if benefits exceed costs, males will stay with the female they mated with increasing their fitness and the chance that the offspring will be his
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| Good parent theory | physical aspects of male being indicators of the males capacity to provide parental care
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| Chase away selection theory | Females are exploitative in terms of pre-existing sensory biases but derive no benefits from being choosey
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| Runaway selection theory | Females look for sexually attractive males and sons inherit traits that make them sexually appealing and daughters inherit majority of mate preference
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| Good genes theory | indicative of male viability, offspring may inherit viable advantages of their father
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| Healthy mates theory | Indicative of male health, females and offspring avoid contagious diseases and parasites
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| Handicap principle | suggests that reliable signals must be costly to the signaler, costing the signaler something that could not be afforded by an individual with less of a particular trait.
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| Sexual conflict (traumatic insemination) | is the mating practice in some species of invertebrates in which the male pierces the female's abdomen with his penis and injects his sperm through the wound into her abdominal cavity
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| polygynous | males mate with several females
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| Polyandry | Female mates with more than one male
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| Polygynandry or plural breeding | both male and females have multiple mates
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| Promiscuity (no social association) | Indiscriminate sexual behavior with multiple mates and no social association
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| Mate guarding hypothesis | Selection favors males that mate with and guard one female over one or more reproductive cycles by remaining in close association with her
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| Why are males ever voluntarily monogamous? | Care from two parents is sometimes essential to successfully raise offspring. Favored in resource availability is low and predation is high
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| Why do females of some species practice polyandry? | If multiple males took care of the females and their offspring, it is beneficial.
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| Territorial cooperation hypothesis | Two individuals (one of each sex) can better defend a critical resource, such as safe refuge, and this can select for pair formation and shared defense
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| Resident effects | Females in pairs won significantly more fights than single females. A similar but weaker pattern was observed for males
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| Female enforced monogamy | female scares females of their same species away from their mate so that her offspring gets the males resources and attention to themselves
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| Bi-parental care or mate assistance hypothesis | A male gains more fitness by providing parental care for offspring of his mate than by seeking out additional sexual partners
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| Monogamy in mammals is | Uncommon
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| Monogamy in birds | Common around 90%. Some are socially monogamous and some are sexually. There are short term monogamies which last the breeding season and then there are long term, life long monogamies.
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| What are the indirect benefits to polyandrous females | - Freed from rearing, more offspring
- Fertility insurance hypothesis
- Good genes hypothesis
- Genetic compatibility hypothesis
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| Fertility insurance hypothesis | an example would be the egg of a polyandrous bird is more likely to hatch than a monogamous bird because since they mate with more than one male they have insurance against infertile males.
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| Good genes hypothesis | females mate with more than one male because their partner is of lower genetic quality than her extra pair partner whose genes will improve offspring viability or attractiveness
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| Genetic compatibility hypothesis | Mating with several males increases the genetic variety of the sperm available to the female,, which boosts the chances that females will receive some dna that is unusually compatible with hers
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| More resources hypothesis | More mates means more resources received form the sexual partners of a female
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| More care hypothesis | More mates = more caregivers to help rear female offspring
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| Better protection hypothesis | More mates = more protectors to keep other males from sexually harassing the polyandrous female
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| Infanticide reduction hypothesis | More mates = greater uncertainty about paternity of an infant when it is born and thus fewer males with no stake in the welfare of the polyandrous female's offspring
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| Female defense polygyny | males fight with other males to monopolize females
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| Resource defense polygyny | Males defend territories that females are likely to favor for producing offspring
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| Lek polygyny | Male bower birds defend bower displays that assist them in mating with more females.
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| Scramble competition polygyny | Males tries to outrace each other to the receptive female
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| Polygyny threshold hypothesis | An explanation for polygyny based on the premise that females will gain fitness by mating with an already paired male if the resources controlled by that male greatly exceed those of unmanned males
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| Hotspot hypothesis | all males aggregate near resources
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| Hotshot hypothesis | low-ranking males aggregate near high-ranking males
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| Female preference hypothesis | reason why males cluster, because females prefer sites with large groups of males
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| Parental care: | Behaviors by a parent to enhance the fitness of offspring, including incubation, feeding, and defense
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| Life history traits: | Traits involved with growth, reproduction, and survivorship
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| Maternal care: | Parental care provided by a female to her offspring
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| Paternal care: | Parental care that a male provides to offspring
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| Biparental care: | Both parent provide care for offspring
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| Female-biased parental care | Females tend to be the providers of parental care in many species often because they are the ones providing lactation in the case of mammals
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| Determinant growth: | Stop growing at a certain point
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| Indeterminant growth: | continue to grow throughout their lifetime
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| Iteroparity | if an organism is characterized by multiple reproductive cycles over the course of its lifetime.
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| Semelparity | A species is considered this if it is characterized by a single reproductive episode before death
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| Cost-benefit analysis | predicts that if a behavior is adaptive, the benefits of a behavior must exceed the costs of that behavior
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| Brood reduction | A strategy in which a female bird produces more eggs than she would normally be capable of raising. If food resources are limited,any late-hatching offspring would likely die of starvation or attacks by stronger siblings.
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| Mafia hypothesis | The idea that the parent of a parasite bird will harass, harm the offspring/nest of the host if they try to reject the parasite egg.
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| Parent offspring theory: | if cost exceeds benefit of taking care of weak resources then it makes sense to abandon care of the weak one and reserve their energy to raise healthy, strong offspring
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| Bronze Headed Cowbirds: Obligate brood parasite, doesn’t build nest on its own, lays eggs in the nests of 220 different species of other birds. Do not try and disguise eggs. How do they keep eggs from not being rejected? | They use the Mafia Hypothesis: they monitor nest and if host rejects eggs they kill all of her eggs and destroys the nest. The host learns this and begins to take care of cowbird egg unwillingly.
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| Siblicide | Stronger sibling killing off a weaker sibling to take advantage of even more resources in their absence.
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| Parental effort | when a parent has limited resources for all of its' offspring and have to judge a chick by its' appearance or reproductive value (will live to breed) to determine whether it is useful to use energy and resources to take care of it
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