X-ray Physics
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| What is the SI unit of measurement for electrical power? | Watt
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| What is the SI unit of resistance? | OHM
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| Briefly explain the Compton effect. | Scatter Radiation, happens in the patient, has no value in x-ray, is completely unwanted.
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| What is a photon? | Bundle of energy, heterogeneous, wavelike
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| What is another word for "Breaking Radiation"? | Bremsstrahlung
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| What is Physics? | The study of physical forces and quantities or the scientific study of matter, force, and motion and how they relate to each other.
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| what are SI units based off of ? | The metric system
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| how is mass measured in SI units? | Kilograms
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| How is matter defined? | Anything that has mass and volume. The weight is related to gravity.
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| What is the word used to define ability to do work? | energy
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| What are 2 types of energy? | Potential and Kinetic
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| What does the Atomic number signify? | the number of protons
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| What is the number of protons and neutrons called in an atom? | Atomic Mass
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| what are the structures of an atom and what are their charges? | Proton (+) Neutron (neutral) Electron (-)
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| An atom is defined as what? | The smallest particle in which matter can be divided while still maintaing it's unique properties.
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| What is the nucleus of an atom? | protons and neutrons
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| Niels Bohr did what in 1913? | Came up with the concept that electrons orbited around the nucleus
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| How many electrons are in the nucleus of an atom? | None ;)
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| How are electrons bound to an atom? | EBE or electron Binding Energy, and that is based on the number of protons.
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| which electron shell has the most EBE? | K
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| What is the symbol and Atomic Number for Aluminum, Tungsten, and Lead? | Al 13, W 74, Pb 82
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| How does the formula 2n(squared) work? | n is the orbit you are talking about so starting with K it would go down the alphabet, so M would be 3 so you would say 3 squared which is 9 then 9*2=18 so the M orbit can hold 18 electrons
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| define electricity | free electrons that travel on a path from one point to another.
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| define ionization | the process of gaining or losing an electron
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| what does it mean when an ion is cation? anion? | Cation- more positive ion, Anion- more negative ion
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| What is the Law of Conservation say? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed bit can be changed into other forms of energy.
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| What are the 3 laws of Electricity? | 1. Opposites charges attract, like charges repel. 2. Only negative charges move through a conductor. 3. Electric charges reside on the surface of a conductor
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| In OHM's law, what do the V, I, and R, represent? | V-Volts, I-Current, R- Resistance
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| What is OHM's Law? | the amount of resistance overcome by one volt to cause an amp to flow.
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| What is power? | the amount of work that electricity does over a given amount of time
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| electrical charges are measured in what? | Coulomb (C)
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| What is an Ampere? | A unit of measuring electrical current in a circut
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| What is a Current? | the quality of electrons flowing from one point to another.
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| How are Magnetic fields and Electric currents related? | Electric currents can create magnetic fields, and Magnetic fields can create electricity
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| When you are running a current on a wire it's just a current, but when you wrap a wire around an iron core it creates a what? | Magnetic field
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| What happens to the magnetic field when you decrease the number of time the wire is wrapped around the core? | the field is weaker.
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| Electromagnetic Fields require what kind of current? | AC
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| What is Radiation? | Energy traveling through space.
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| How much mass does Electromagnetic Radiation have? | None
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| what is a frequency? | The number of cycles passing through a given point in 1 second.
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| When a wavelength decreases the frequency what? | Increases
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| X-rays with shorter wavelengths have what frequency and can do what? | Higher frequencies and are more penetrating.
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| What is an isotope? | two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
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| What kind of motor does the tube use? | induction motor
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| What is the range kVp for a typical x-ray? | 40-125
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| what are the two main types of Ionizing radiation? | Diagnostic and Gamma X-rays
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| What is Electricity? | Form of energy that is created from the movement of electrons.
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| what is a unit of energy? | a joule
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| What are the 5 types of energy? | electromagnetic, nuclear, thermal, chemical, mechanical.
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| What does a circuit breaker do? | automatically cuts power if values are too high to prevent circuit overload to prevent damage to the equipment.
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| Force x Distance = what? | Work
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| Nuclear Energy is released from what? | radionuclides
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| what kind of energy do we deal with in radiology? | Electromagnetic Energy
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| What is the speed of light? | 186,000 miles per second
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| What is rectification? | converting AC current to DC current so it can only flow in one direction.
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| when can an X-ray machine produce an X-ray when the current has not been rectified? | Never.
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| Do X-rays have a positive or negative charge? | Neither, they are neutral
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| what are three electrical factors that are part of a circuit? | Resistance, Current, and Potential Difference
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| Define resistance | any property in the circuit that hinders the flow of current,
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| What are 3 things that give you resistance | material, length and distance of the conductor.
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| Define Potential difference | the force or speed of the electron flow in the current
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| AC current moves in what way? | Negative to Positive
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| What is EMF? what does it do? | Electromotive force, it is the force pushing the electrons, The volt.
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| In what kind of circuit does each component have it's own direct path to both the negative and the positive sides of the circuit? | Parallel Circuit
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| How many times does the current alternate per second in the US? | 60
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| A battery is an example of what kind of current? | Direct Current
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| what are two other names for voltage? | potential difference and EMF (electromotive force)
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| what are the components of a circuit? | Power source, conductor, load.
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| The autotransformer is located where, or in which section, on the circuit board? | Main Primary Circuit
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| A typical Xray machine has how many what in the rectifier? | 4 Diodes
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| A step down happens where on the circuit board? | Filament circuit
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| what houses the filaments? | Focusing cup
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| the stepdown transformer take the amps and voltage to what? and for what reason? | 3-5 amps, 5-15 volts, if the amp/volts weren't decreased it would be too much power/heat going to the filaments and they would burn out.
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| What is the Target? | the anode
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| Why does the rotor spin? | to dissipate heat
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| Something that is used to correct fluctuations in the incoming voltage is called a what? | Line Voltage compensator
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| what kind of transformer converts volts to kilovolts? | stepup
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| An autotransformer is which type of induction where as a step up/down transformer is what? | Auto-Self induction Step- Mutual induction
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| What is electromagnetic induction? | electricity produced when conductor is placed between two magnetic fields.
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| what happens to the amps when you increase the volts | they decrease.
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| The lower the volts the __?__ the amps. | higher
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| mA meter measures what? | tube current
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| What controls the autotransformer? | the Tech
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| what does the autotransformer control? | Major and minor kV levels
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| What does a full wave rectifier do? | moves the bottom 1/2 of the wave to the top so that it is now DC current
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| What does a half wave rectifier do? | suppresses the bottom 1/2 of the wave while producing DC current
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| What machine can you do a spin-top test on? | Single phase machines
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| A pulse represents what? | Crest or ripples of a frequency
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| A 3 phase 6 pulse machine produces how many more usable photons than a single phase ? | 35%
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| A 3 phase 12 pulse machine produces how many more usable photons than a single phase ? | 41%
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| What is an instrument for absorbing scatter radiation? | a grid
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| What are the 5 different kind of wave frequencies? | 1/2 wave, full wave, 3 phase 6 pulse, 3 phase 12 pulse, and high frequency.
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| What is the main source of scatter radiation? | Subject/Object/Patient.
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| The actual focal spot is __?__ than the effective focal spot. | Larger
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| Why is the tube vacuumed? | so the electrons can flow unobstructed from cathode to target.
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| What is essential to produce an X-ray? | Source, Power, Target.
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| What does the penetrometer do? | tells the ability of penetrating power.
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| what is thermionic emission? | (boiling off of electrons) When the filament is heated by high current electrons are created
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| What happens in Brems x-ray? | the electrons slow around the nucleus and abruptly change directions which creates a photon
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| what is the EBE of the K shell? | 69.5
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| 100% brems x-ray happens when? | when kVp is below 70.
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| below 70 kVp what percentage of the beam is characteristic x-ray? | 0%
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| When are characteristic photons produced? | when the kVp is above 70
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| What happens in characteristic radiation? | A hole is created in the K shell of the tungsten atom and an electron from the L shell fills the one in the K shell and when that happens a photon with tungsten characteristics is emitted.
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