Physiology of PNS/cholinergics/adrenergics/fluid-electrolyte imbalance
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What are the two divisions of the nervous system? | Central NS & Peripheral NS (includes somatic + autonomic: parasympathetic & autonomic: sympathetic)
🗑
|
||||
| What are three functions of the autonomic nervous system? | regulates heart, secretory glands, & smooth muscles
🗑
|
||||
| What are the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system? | (GI/bladder/eye) housekeeping (always "on"), slowing of heart rate, increased gastric secretion, emptying of bladder/bowel, focusing of the eye, constriction of pupil, contraction of bronchi
🗑
|
||||
| What are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system? | (heart/lungs) fight or flight, increased heart rate & blood pressure, dilation of pupils, dilation of bronchi, shunt blood from skin-->muscle, mobilization of stored energy
🗑
|
||||
| The parasympathetic nervous system dominates except what? | except the vascular system
🗑
|
||||
| What are the main components of the basic parasympathetic nervous system pathway? | spinal cord, preganglionic neuron, ganglion, postganglionic neuron, various organs
🗑
|
||||
| What are the main components of the basic sympathetic nervous system pathway? | spinal cord, preganglionic neuron-->ganglion-->postgangionic neuron-->various organs OR spinal cord-->"preganglionic neuron"-->adrenal medulla-->various organs
🗑
|
||||
| What are the main components of the basic somatic motor system pathway? | spinal cord, motor neuron, skeletal muscle
🗑
|
||||
| Where do drugs work? | at the ganglionic junction or effector organ
🗑
|
||||
| What are the neurotransmitters used in the parasympathetic nervous system? | ACh (acetylcholine) at both junctions (ganglionic & at junction with organ)
🗑
|
||||
| What are the neurotransmitters used in the sympathetic nervous system? | ACh (acetylcholine) at the ganglionic junction & at the adrenal medulla & at the junctions with sweat glands; NE (norepinephrine) at the junctions with various organs & the postgranglionic neuron; Epinephrine Epi) after adrenal medulla-->organ
🗑
|
||||
| What neurotransmitter is used in the somatic motor system? | ACh(acetylcholine) between the motor neuron & skeletal muscle
🗑
|
||||
| What are three cholinergic (ACh) receptor subtypes? | NicotinicN, NicotinicM, Muscarinic
🗑
|
||||
| What are the adrenergic (Epi & NE) receptor subtypes? | Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1, Beta2, dopamine
🗑
|
||||
| What are the receptor subtypes located in the parasympathetic nervous system? | At the ganglionic junction, ACh binds to a nicotinicN receptor; At the organ junction, ACh binds to a muscarinic receptor
🗑
|
||||
| What are the receptor subtypes located in the sympathetic nervous system? | At the ganglionic junction, ACh binds to a nicotinicN receptor; at the organ junction, NE binds to alpha or beta receptors; at the sweat gland junction, ACh binds to a muscarinic receptor; at the adrenal medulla-organ junction, Epi binds to alpha or beta
🗑
|
||||
| What receptor subtype is located in the somatic motor system? | At the neuromuscular junction (motor neuron-skeletal muscle), ACh binds to a muscarinic receptor
🗑
|
||||
| Where are nicotinicN (cholinergic) receptor subtypes located? | all autonomic nervous system ganglia & the adrenal medulla
🗑
|
||||
| What is the NicotinicN (cholinergic) receptor subtype response to receptor activation? | stimulation of parasympathetic postganglionic nerves & release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
🗑
|
||||
| Where are nicotinicM (cholinergic) receptor subtypes located? | at the neuromuscular junction
🗑
|
||||
| What is the NicotinicM (cholinergic) receptor subtype response to receptor activation? | contraction of skeletal muscle
🗑
|
||||
| Where are muscarinic (cholinergic) receptor subtypes located? | all parasympathetic target organs: eye, heart, lung, bladder, GI tract, sweat glands, sex organs, blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| What is the muscarinic (cholinergic) receptor response to receptor activation in the eye? | contraction of the ciliary muscle focuses the lens for near vision; contraction of the iris sphincter muscle causes miosis (decreased pupil diameter)
🗑
|
||||
| What is the muscarinic (cholinergic) receptor response to receptor activation in the heart? | decreased heart rate
🗑
|
||||
| What is the muscarinic (cholinergic) receptor response to receptor activation in the lung? | CONSTRICTION of bronchi, promotion of secretions
🗑
|
||||
| What is the muscarinic (cholinergic) receptor response to receptor activation in the bladder? | promotes voiding
🗑
|
||||
| What is the muscarinic (cholinergic) receptor response to receptor activation in the GI tract? | salivation, increased gastric secretions, increased intestinal tone & motility, defacation
🗑
|
||||
| What is the muscarinic (cholinergic) receptor response to receptor activation in the sweat glands? | generalized sweating
🗑
|
||||
| What is the muscarinic (cholinergic) receptor response to receptor activation in the sex organs? | erection
🗑
|
||||
| What is the muscarinic (cholinergic) receptor response to receptor activation in the blood vessels? | vasodilation
🗑
|
||||
| Where are Alpha1 (adrenergic) receptor subtypes located? | eye, arterioles (skin, viscera, mucous membranes), veins, sex organs (male), bladder neck & prostatic capsule
🗑
|
||||
| What is the Alpha1 (adrenergic) receptor response to receptor activation? | eye:contraction of radial muscle of iris causes mydriasis (increased pupil size); arterioles (skin, viscera, mucous membranes): constriction; veins: constriction; male sex organs: ejaculation; bladder neck & prostatic capsule: contraction
🗑
|
||||
| Where are Alpha2 (adrenergic) receptor subtypes located? | presynaptic nerve terminals (NOT ORGANS) (in CNS are postsynaptic)
🗑
|
||||
| What is the Alpha2 (adrenergic) receptor response to receptor activation? | inhibition of neurotransmitter release
🗑
|
||||
| Where are Beta1 (adrenergic) recptor subtypes located? | HEART, kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| What is the Beta1 (adrenergic) receptor response to receptor activation? | heart: increased rate, increased force of contraction, increased AV conduction velocity; kidney: renin release
🗑
|
||||
| Where are Beta2 (adrenergic) receptor subtypes located? | LUNGS, arterioles (heart, lung, skeletal muscle), bronchi, uterus, liver, skeletal muscle
🗑
|
||||
| What is the Beta2 (adrenergic) receptor response to receptor activation? | arterioles (heart/lung/skeletal muscle): dilation; bronchi: dilation; uterus: relaxation; liver: glycogenolysis; skeletal muscle: enhanced contraction/glycogenolysis
🗑
|
||||
| Where are the dopamine (adrenergic) receptor subtypes located? | kidney
🗑
|
||||
| What is the dopamine (adrenergic) receptor response to receptor activation? | dilation of kidney vasculature
🗑
|
||||
| What is the specificity of epinephrine (which receptors won't it bind to)? | no dopamine
🗑
|
||||
| What is the specificity of norepinephrine (which receptors won't it bind to)? | no beta2 or dopamine
🗑
|
||||
| What is the specificity of dopamine (which receptors won't it bind to)? | no alpha2 or beta2
🗑
|
||||
| What are the basic steps in the life cycle of ACh? | choline + acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl CoA); STORED; destroyed by acetylcholinesterase (enzymatic degradation terminates transmission); uptake of choline
🗑
|
||||
| What are the basic steps in the life cycle of NE? | precursors: amino acids; vesicles; reuptake (terminates transmission NOT enzymatic degradation); converted to Epi
🗑
|
||||
| What is the representative drug for muscarinic agonists? | Bethanechol
🗑
|
||||
| What is the representative drug for muscarinic antagonists? | atropine
🗑
|
||||
| What is the representative drug for ganglionic stimulating agents? | nicotine
🗑
|
||||
| What is the representative drug for ganglionic blocking agents? | Trimethaphan
🗑
|
||||
| What is the representative drug for neuromuscular blocking agents? | d-Tubocurarine, succinylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| What is the representative drug for cholinesterase inhibitors? | Neostigmine, physostigmine
🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of muscarinic receptor subtypes? | Location: sweat glands/blood vessels/all organs regulated by parasympathetic nervous system; effects of receptor activation: many/decreased heart rate/increased gland secretion/smooth muscle contraction; receptor agonists: Bethanechol/Cholinesterase inhib
🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of NicotinicN receptor subtypes? | Location: all ganglia of the autonomic nervous system; effects of receptor activation: promotes ganglionic transmission; receptor agonists: Nicotine/cholinesterase inhibitors-physosttigmine/neostigmine); receptor antagonists: Trimethaphan
🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of NicotinicM receptor subtypes? | location: neuromuscular junction; effects of receptor activation: skeletal muscle contraction; receptor agonists: nicotine/cholinesterase inhibitors: physostigmine/neostigmine; receptor antagonists: d-Tubocurarine, succinylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| What are some examples of muscarinic agonists (parasympathetic: mimic PSNS-decreased heart rate, increased sweating, voiding, salivation, pupil constriction)? | Bethanechol: relieves urinary retention + side effects include hypotension, excessive salivation/gastric acid secretion, bronchoconstriction; Pilocarpine (glaucoma med); Acetylcholine (Michol- used with opthalmic surgery)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of muscarinic antagonists? | used for muscarinic poisoning (mushrooms/muscarinic agonists/cholinesterase inhibitors); example is Atropine; also used for preanesthetic + disorders of the eye + bradycardia + decrease intestinal motility + stabilize blood pressure
🗑
|
||||
| What are some symptoms of muscarinic poisoning (mushrooms/muscarinic agonists/cholinesterase inhibitors)? | excessive sweating, tearing, hypotension
🗑
|
||||
| What are some possible side effects of muscarinic antagonists? | dry mouth, blurred vision, elevation of eye pressure, constipation, tachycardia
🗑
|
||||
| What are some potential drug interactions for muscarinic antagonists? | antihistamines, antipsychotics, antidepressants
🗑
|
||||
| What are some examples of muscarinic antagonists used for urge incontinence? | Oxybutynin (Nitropan) & Tolterodine (Detrol)
🗑
|
||||
| What is a muscarinic antagonist used for motion sickness? | Scopolamine
🗑
|
||||
| What is a muscarinic antagonist used for asthma? | Ipatropium Bromide
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of antimuscarinic poisoning? | treated with natural products/muscarinic antagonists/antimuscarinic properties; signs of poisoning: Hot as Hare + dry as bone + red as beet + blind as bat + mad as hatter (delerium is step further); use charcoal & physostigmine (inhibitor of acetylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| What are two reversible cholinesterase inhibitors? | Neostigmine (Prostigmin) + Physostigmine (Antilirium)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of Neostigmine (Prostigmin)? | reversible cholinesterase inhibitor; binds to cholinesterase preventing it from catalyzing breakdown of ACh; used with myasthenia gravis; side effects: salivation, GI secretion, sweating; interactions: muscarinic antagonists, neuromuscular blockers; does
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of Physostigmine (Antilirium)? | crosses membranes, drug of choice to treat Atropine poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of Myasthenia Gravis? | fluctuating muscle weakness & rapid fatigue; drooping eyelids, difficulty swallowing, weakness of muscle, difficulty breathing; autoimmune-antibodies against nicotinicM receptors (can result in 70-90% decrease)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors? | highly toxic (insecticides & nerve agents); glaucoma (only use for these: Echothiopate-phospholine iodide)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of poisoning due to irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors? | symptoms: profuse sweating/urination/bronchoconstriction/paralysis; treat with ventilation/atropine/Pralidoxime (Protopam)
🗑
|
||||
| What receptor subtype is blocked by neuromuscular blocking agents? | block nicotinicM receptors (result in muscle relaxation)
🗑
|
||||
| What receptor subtype is blocked by ganglionic blocking agents? | block nicotinicN (mostly replaced by newer drugs though)
🗑
|
||||
| During neuromuscular excitation-contraction depolarization, does positve charge go in or out? | positive goes in during depolarization
🗑
|
||||
| During neuromuscular excitation-contraction repolarization, does positive charge pump in or out? | during repolarization, positive pumps out
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent Tubocurarine (curare)? | mechanism of action: competes with ACh to bind to nicotinicM receptors; used for muscle relaxation during surgery, mechanical ventilation, endotrachial intubation, & electroconvulsive therapy; side effects: respiratory paralysis, hypotension; drug interac
🗑
|
||||
| What is the main thing to watch for when a patient has taken neuromuscular blocking agents? | respiratory distress
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent Succinylcholine (Anectine, Quelicin)? | binds to nicotinicM receptors (& remains bound: constant depolarization); used for endotrachial intubation, electroconvulsive therapy, endoscopy; side effects: apnea, malignant hyperthermia, postoperative muscle pain, hyperkalemia; drug interactions: chol
🗑
|
||||
| What are some therapeutic uses for neuromuscular blocking agents? | muscle relaxation during surgery, mechanical ventilation, electroconvulsive therapy, endotracheal intubation
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of ganglionic blocking agents? | lack selectivity; example is Trimethaphan (Arfonad) which competes with ACh for binding to nicotinicN receptors; controlled hypertension in surgery, hypertensive crisis; side effects include antimuscarinic effects (dry mouth/blurred vision/elevation of ey
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of adrenergic agonists (sympathomimetics)? | direct receptor binding, promotion of NE release (indirect), inhibition of NE uptake (indirect): termination, inhibition of NE inactivation (indirect): MAO, catecholamines & noncatecholamines
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of adrenergic agonists-catecholamines? | Epinephrine, NE, Isoproterenol, Dopamine & Dobutamine; cannot give orally (MAO-liver, COMT-intestine); cannot cross BBB, brief duration of action; chemistry: catechol group + amine
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of adrenergic agonists-non-catecholamines? | Ephedrine, Phenylephrine, & Terbutaline; given orally; penetrates BBB, longer duration of action
🗑
|
||||
| Which catecholamines activate alpha1 receptors? | Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| Which noncatecholamines activate alpha1 receptors? | phenylephrine, ephedrine
🗑
|
||||
| Which catecholamines activate alpha2 receptors? | epinephrine, norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| Which noncatecholamines activate alpha2 receptors? | ephedrine
🗑
|
||||
| Which catecholamines activate beta1 receptors? | epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, dobutamine, dopamine
🗑
|
||||
| Which noncatecholamines activate beta1 receptors? | ephedrine
🗑
|
||||
| Which catecholamines activate beta2 receptors? | epinephrine, isoproterenol
🗑
|
||||
| Which noncatecholamines activate beta2 receptors? | ephedrine, terbutaline
🗑
|
||||
| Which catecholamines activate dopamine receptors? | dopamine
🗑
|
||||
| Which nonchatecholamines activate dopamine receptors? | none
🗑
|
||||
| What are the uses for alpha1 activation? | vasoconstriction-hemostasis (Epi), nasal decongestion (phenylephrine & ephedrine), delay of anesthetic absorption (Epi), elevation of blood pressure (not primary drugs used), pupil dilation
🗑
|
||||
| What are some side effects of alpha1 activation? | mostly relate to vasoconstriction, hypertension, necrosis, bradycardia
🗑
|
||||
| What are some uses for alpha2 activation? | peripheral-inhibits NE release; CNS-reduce stimulation of adrenergic receptors
🗑
|
||||
| What are some uses for beta1 activation? | cardiac arrest (helps to get contraction going), heart failure (increases force of contraction), shock (increase heart rate & blood flow), AV heart block (increase impulse conduction)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some side effects of beta1 activation? | altered heart rate or rhythm, angina pectoris (insufficient oxygen compared to demand)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some uses for beta2 activation? | asthma (bronchodilation), delay of preterm labor (relaxation of uterus)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some side effects of beta2 activation? | hyperglycemia, tremor (most common)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some uses for dopamine activation? | shock (dilation of kidney vasculature)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of anaphylactic shock? | hypotension, bronchoconstriction, edema, Epi (all receptors)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the catecholamine Epinephrine (Adrenalin, EpiPen)? | binds to all receptors except dopamine (alpha 1&2, beta 1&2), used for anaphylactic shock, delay absorption of anesthetics, hemostasis, overcome AV heart block, pupil dilation, asthma
🗑
|
||||
| What are some side effects of the catecholamine epinephrine (adrenalin, epipen)? | hypertensive crisis, dysrhythmias, angina, necrosis, hyperglycemia
🗑
|
||||
| What are some drug interactions for the catecholamine epinephrine (adrenaline, epipen)? | MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics/side effects/drug interactions for the catecholamine norepinephrine (Levophed)? | bind to alpha1, alpha2, beta1; used for hypotension & cardiac arrest; side effects: hypertensive crisis, dysrhythmias, angina, necrosis
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the catecholamine Isoproterenol (Isuprel)? | bind to beta1 & beta2; used for AV heart block, asthma, bronchospasm
🗑
|
||||
| What are some side effects of the catecholamine Isoproterenol (Isuprel)? | dysrhythmias, angina, hyperglycemia
🗑
|
||||
| What are some drug interactions for the catecholamine Isoproterenol (Isuprel)? | MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the catecholamine dopamine (Intropin)? | bind to dopamine/alpha1/beta1 receptors, used for shock, heart failure, acute renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| What are some side effects of the catecholamine dopamine (Intropin)? | tachycardia, dysrhythmias, angina, necrosis
🗑
|
||||
| What are some drug interactions for the catecholamine dopamine (Intropin)? | MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the catecholamine Dobutamine (Dobutrex)? | binds to beta1 receptors, used for heart failure, side effect is tachycardia, drug interactions with MAO inhibitors/tricyclic antidepressants/anesthetics
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the noncatecholamine Terbutaline (Brethine)? | binds to beta2 receptors, used for asthma & delay of preterm labor, side effect is tremor
🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of the noncatecholamine Ephedrine? | binds to alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 receptors; mixed drug (direct activation of alpha/beta & indirect by releasing NE); used for nasal decongestion & narcolepsy
🗑
|
||||
| What are the side effects for the noncatecholamine Ephedrine? | hypertensive crisis, dysrhythmias, angina, necrosis, hyperglycemia, insomnia
🗑
|
||||
| Which adrenergic antagonists (blocking agents) block both alpha1 and alpha2 receptors? | Phentolamine, Phentoxybenzamine
🗑
|
||||
| Which adrenergic antagonists block only alpha1 receptors? | Doxazosin, Prazosin, Terazosin, Tamsulosin
🗑
|
||||
| Which adrenergic antagonists block both beta1 & beta2 receptors? | Carteolol, Carvedilol, Labetalol, Nadolol, Penbutolol, Pindolol, Propranolol, Sotalol, Timolol
🗑
|
||||
| Which adrenergic antagonists block only beta1 receptors? | Acebutolol, Atenolol, Betaxolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol
🗑
|
||||
| What are some uses for alpha-adrenergic antagonists? | hypertension, reversal of alpha1 agonist toxicity, benign prostatic hyperplasia, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's Disease
🗑
|
||||
| What are some side effects of alpha-adrenergic antagonists? | orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist Prazosin (Minipress)? | alpha1 blockers, used for hypertension & benign proststic hyperplasia; side effects: orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist Phentolamine (Regitine)? | alpha1 & alpha2 blockers, used for pheochromocytoma; side effects: orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion (same as Prazosin)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some general characteristics of beta-adrenergic antagonists? | used for angina pectoris, hypertension, dysrhythmias, MI, heart failure; side effects (depend on receptor blocked): beta1-bradycardia/precipitation of heart failure/AV heart block; beta2-bronchoconstriction/inhibits glycogenolysis
🗑
|
||||
| What receptors does the beta-adrenergic antagonist Proprandolol (Inderal) block & what are its uses? | blocks beta1 & beta2; used for hypertension, MI, angina
🗑
|
||||
| What are the side effects of the beta-adrenergic antagonist Propranolol (Inderal)? | bradycardia, heart failure, inhibition of glycogenolysis, bronchoconstriction, CNS effects
🗑
|
||||
| What are the contraindications & drug interactions for the beta-adrenergic antagonist Propranolol (Inderal)? | contraindications: diabetics, severe allergic reaction, heart failure, asthma, depression; drug interactions: calcium channel blockers, insulin
🗑
|
||||
| What receptor does the beta-adrenergic antagonist Metoprolol (Lopressor) block & what are its uses? | blocks beta1; uses: hypertension, patients with asthma or diabetes & angina or MI
🗑
|
||||
| What are the side effects of the beta-adrenergic antagonist Metoprolol(Lopressor)? | bradycardia, AV heart block
🗑
|
||||
| What are the contraindications for the beta-adrenergic antagonist Metoprolol (Lopressor)? | heart failure, sinus bradycardia
🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of the indirect acting antiadrenergic agent Reserpine (adrenergic neuron-blocking agent)? | suppresses NE synthesis & displaces NE from vesicles, hypertension, side effects: depression/bradycardia/orthostatic hypotension; Guanethidine (Ismelin): no CNS effects b/c does not cross BBB
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the centrally acting alpha2 agonist (indirect agent) Clonidine (Catapres)? | activates alpha2 receptors to decrease transmitter release; used for hypertension & severe pain; side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth, rebound hypertension; other drugs: Guanabenz (Wytensin) & Guanfacine (Tenex)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the centrally acting alpha2 agonist (indirect agent) Methyldopa (Aldomert)? | similar to clonidine except must be converted to methylNE; used for hypertension; side effects: hemolytic anemia & liver toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| What are some applications for diuretics? | increase output of urine; hypertension; mobilization of fluid; prevent renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? | Nephron (including glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some kidney functions? | cleansing of extracellular fluid (ECF), maintenance of acid-base balance, excretion of metabolic wastes & foreign substances
🗑
|
||||
| What are three basic renal processes? | filtration, reabsorption, active secretion
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of renal filtration? | occurs at glomerulus, small molecules such as sodium/chloride (smaller amounts of bicarbonate, potassium ions), 125mL of filtrate per minute (180L per day), non-selective
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of renal reabsorption? | very selective, 99% undergoes reabsorption, active transport, water follows passively, diuretics interfere
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of renal secretion? | "pumps" for active secretion, located in proximal convoluted tubules, organic acids/organic bases
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the reabsorption site: proximal convoluted tubule? | 65% of Na+ & Cl-; all of bicarb & K+; water passively follows, isotonic, dilute urine
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of the reabsorption site: loop of Henle? | descending loop: permeable to water, concentrated urine; ascending loop: 20% of Na+ & Cl-; NOT permeable to water, returns to original isotonic urine
🗑
|
||||
| What occurs in the distal convoluted tubule (early segment)? | 10% of Na+ & Cl-; water passively follows
🗑
|
||||
| What occurs at the late distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct (distal nephron)? | exchange of Na+ & Cl-; urine concentration by ADH (antidiuretic hormone), deficiency =diabetes
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of diuretics? | blockade of Na+ & Cl- reabsorption; prevents reabsorption of water/retention; small blockade = large effect
🗑
|
||||
| What are some general adverse effects of diuretics? | acid-base imbalance, disturbance of electrolytes, severe dehydration
🗑
|
||||
| What are the most effective diuretics? | High-ceiling Loop diuretics (work in the loop of henle), such as Furosemide (Lasix)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of Furosemide (Lasix)? | blocks Na+ & Cl- reabsorption (some K+); high-ceiling loop diuretic, possible adverse effects: dehydration (headache/pain in chest, calves, pelvis), hypotension, hypokalemia-Digoxin toxicity, ototoxicity
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of Thiazide diuretics? | block Na+ & Cl- reabsorption (K+), elevate uric acid & glucose, example is Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL), which works at the early segment of distal tubule & depends on kidney function
🗑
|
||||
| What are some potential adverse effects of Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL), a thiazide diuretic? | dehydration (headache/pain in chest, calves, or pelvis), hypotension, hypokalemia-Digoxin toxicity, not for use during pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of Potassium-sparing diuretics? | modest increase in urine production, decrease in K+ excretion, aldosterone & non-aldosterone, examples: Spironolactone (Aldactone), Triamterene (Dyrenium), Amiloride (Midamor)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of Spironolactone (Aldactone)? | potassium-sparing diuretic, aldosterone antagonist, retains potassium & excretes sodium, adverse effects: hyperkalemia
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of Triamterene (Dyrenium)? | potassium-sparing diuretic, non-aldosterone antagonist, direct inhibitor of potassium/sodium exchange, quicker than spironolactone, adverse effects: hyperkalemia
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of osmotic diuretics? | creates osmotic force as undergoes minimal reabsorption, example: Mannitol (Osmitrol)
🗑
|
||||
| What are some characteristics of Mannitol (Osmitrol)? | Intracranial pressure & intraocular pressure are uses, adverse effect is edema(don't use this drug to treat edema)
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
mpost51
Popular Physical Therapy sets