Chapter 3: The Skeletal System
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| Acetabulum | The large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint (also known as the hip socket)
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| -ago | Abnormal condition, disease
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| all/o ; all- | Other, Different from normal , reversal
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| ankyl/o | Crooked, bent stiff
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| -ation | State or action
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| aut/o | Self
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| bifid/o | Split, divided into two parts
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| burs/o | Bursa, sac of fluid near joint
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| chondr/o, chondr/i | Cartilage
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| -clasis ; clast | Break down
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| cost/o | Rib
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| crani/o | Skull
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| -desis | To bind, tie together
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| dys- | Bad, difficult, painful
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| -ectomy | Surgical removal, sitting out, excision
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| -itis | Inflammation
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| kyph/o | Bent, hump
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| ligament/o | Ligament
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| -listhesis | Slipping
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| lord/o | Curve, swayback, bent
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| lumb/o | Lower back, loin
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| lux/o | To slide
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| -lysis | Breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening
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| -malacia | Abnormal softening
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| myel/o | Spinal cord, brain marrow
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| -oma | Tumor, neoplasm
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| -osis | Abnormal condition, disease
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| oss/e ; oss/i ; oste/o ; ost/o | Bone
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| -ous | Pertaining to
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| -penia | Deficiency, lack, too few
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| per- | Excessive, through
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| plas/l ; plas/o | Development, growth, formation
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| -plasty | Surgical repair
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| poly- | Many
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| prosth/o ; prosthet/o | Addition, appendage
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| -rrhaphy | Surgical suturing
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| scoli/o | Curved, bent
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| spin/o | Spine, backbone
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| spondyl/o ; vertebr/o | Vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
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| -stenosis | Abnormal hardening
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| sub- | Under, less, below
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| synovi/o ; synov/o | Synovial membrane, synovial fluid
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| talip/o | Foot and ankle deformity
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| -um | Singular noun ending
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| valg/o | Bent or twisted outward
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| Allogenic | Originating within another
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| Ankylosing Spondylitis | The loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
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| Arthrodesis | A surgical procedure to stiffen a joint
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| Arthrolysis | Surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
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| Arthroscopy | Visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope
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| Autologous | Originating within an individual
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| Bone Density Testing (BDT) | A diagnostic test to determine losses or changes in bone density
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| Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) | Cancer treatment in which abnormal bone marrow is destroyed and replaced with new stem cells
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| Bone Reabsorption (or resorption) Inhibitor Drug | A group of drugs that inhibit mineralization or resorption of the bone by blocking the action of osteoclasts; treat postmenopausal and glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis, Paget's Disease
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| Calcium Drug Classification | A group of drugs that treat and prevent hypocalcemia; calcium carbonate (BN: Tums, Oystercal), calcium citrate (BN: Citracal, Citrate 250)
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| Chondroma | A slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells
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| Chondromalacia | Abnormal softening of the cartilage
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| Close Reduction (CR) | The attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
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| Comminuted Fracture | A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed
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| Compression Fracture | A fracture in which the bone is pressed together on itself
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| Costochondritis | An inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
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| Craniostenosis | A malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
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| Crepitation | The grating sound heard when the end of a broken bone move together
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| Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry DXA | A low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
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| Fibrous Dysplasia | A bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaced it with fibrous (scar-like) tissue
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| Fracture (fx) | A broken bone
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| Hallux Valgus | An abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
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| Hemarthrosis | Blood within a joint
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| Hemopoietic | Pertaining to the formation of blood or blood cells
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| Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) | An autoimmune disorder affecting children aged 16 years or less, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue
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| Kyphosis | An abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
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| Laminectomy | The surgical removal of a lamina from a vertebras
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| Lordosis | An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
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| Lumbago | Pain of the lumbar region of the spine
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| Malleolus | A rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
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| Manubrium | The bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
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| Metacarpals | The five bones that form the palms of the hand
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| Matatarsals | The five bones that form part of the foot to which the toes are attached
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| Myeloma | A type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells of the red bone marrow
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| Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) | Medications administered to control pain by reducing inflammation and swelling
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| Open Fracture | A fracture in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
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| Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) | A fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place; not usually removed after the fracture is healed
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| Opioid Drug Classification | A group of powerful medications that can help manage pain when prescribed for the right condition and when used properly; narcotics such as morphine, oxycodone
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| Orthopedic Surgeon | A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving bones, joints, and muscles
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| Orthotic | A mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
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| Osteitis | Inflammation of bone
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| Osteoarthritis (OA) | A degenerative joint disease characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints; most commonly associated with aging
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| Osteochondroma | A benign bony projection covered with cartilage
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| Osteomalacia | Abnormal softening of bones in adults
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| Osteomyelitis | Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
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| Osteonecrosis | The death of bone tissue due to an insufficient blood supply
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| Osteopenia | Thinner than average bone density
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| Osteoporosis (OP) | A marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging
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| Osteoporotic Hip Fracture | A fracture of a hip weakened by osteoporosis that can occur spontaneously or as the result of a fall
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| Osteorrhaphy | Surgical suturing or wiring together of bones
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| Paget's Disease | A bone disease of unknown cause, characterized by excessive breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation
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| Partial Knee Replacement (PKR) | A procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced
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| Pathologic Fracture | Occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
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| Percutaneous Vertebroplasty | Treatment of osteoporosis-related compression fracture by injecting bone cement to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column
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| Periostitis | Inflammation of the periosteum
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| Podiatrist | A doctor that specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
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| Polymyalgia Rheumatica | A geriatric inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness
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| Prosthesis | A substitute for a diseased or missing body part
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) | A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the synovial membranes and other body tissues, are inflamed and thickened
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| Rickets | A deficiency disease occurring in children involving defective bone growth sue to vitamin D deficiency
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| Salicylate Drug Classification | A group of drugs that includes aspirin and related compounds; used to relieve pain (mild to moderate), reduce inflammation, and lower fever
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| Scoliosis | An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
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| Spina Bifida | A congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy in which the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord
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| Spiral Fracture | A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
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| Spondylolisthesis | The forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra below it
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| Spondylosis | A degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
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| Subluxation | The partial displacement of a bone from its joint
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| Synovectomy | The surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
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| Talipes | Any congenital deformity of the foot involving the ankle bones
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| Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) | Surgical replacement of the hip joint with an artificial prosthesis; another name for a Total Hip Replacement (THR)
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| Total Hip Replacement (THR) | Surgery performed to restore a damaged hip to full function by removing the head of the femur and replacing it with a metal ball
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| Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) | A surgical procedure in which parts of the knee joint are replaced with prostheses; another name for a Total Knee Replacement (TKR)
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| Total Knee Replacement (TKR) | Surgical placement of an artificial joint during which all parts of the knee are replaced
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| Vertebra ; Vertebrae | The 26 bony units of the the spinal column
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| -algia | Pain, suffering, painful condition
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| Osteoclasis | The surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
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