The Digestive System

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The digestive system is AKA the

gastrointestinal system (GI)

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The gastrointestinal system (GI) prepares food for use by body's cells through five basic activities:

Ingestion, Peristalsis, Digestion, Absorption, Defecation

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Ingestion involves

taking food into the oral cavity

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Peristalsis is the

wave like muscular contractions of the GI system that push the food along the digestive tract

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Borborygmos is the

gurgling sound produced by peristaltic movement

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Borborygmos is AKA

bowel sounds (BS)

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Digestionj is the

breakdown of food by both chemical and mechanical processes

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Absorption is the

movement of digested food into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the bodys cells

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Defection is the

elimination from the body those substances that are indigestible and can not be absorbed

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the journey of food through the GI system takes an average of

12 hours

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the GI tract is AKA the

alimentary canal

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The GI tract is a long continuous tube that runs from the

oral cavity to the anus

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the length of the GI tract is approximately

30 feet long

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Digestion begins in the

oral cavity

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mechanical digestion involves chewing AKA

mastication

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the tongue, labiae, and buccae keep the food

between the superior and inferior dentes (teeth)

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the labiae are the

lips

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The buccae are the

cheeks

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The dentes are the

teeth

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Between ages 6 months to 2 years there are how many teeth

20 temporary teeth

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the 20 temporary teeth from 6 mongths to 2 years are also called the

Deciduous teeth

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By age 13 there are how many permanent teeth

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The 8 anterior (front) teeth are caled

incisors

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The incisors are used to

cut food

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The 4 teeth posterior to the incisors are called

canines

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Canines AKA

cuspids

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The canines (cuspids) are used to

tear food

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The 8 teeth posterior to the canines (cuspids) are called

premolars

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premolars AKA

bicuspids

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the 12 teeth posterior to the premolars (bicuspids) are the

molars

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the molars AKA

tricuspids

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The premolars (bicuspids) and molars (tricuspids) are used to

grind food

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the posterior molars (tricuspids) are AKA

wisdom teeth

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each tooth is divided into three parts

the crown, the cervix (neck) and the root

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the crown is the portion of each tooth above the

gingivae

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the gingivae are the

gums

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the crowns are covered by the hardest substance in the body called

enamel

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the cervix (neck) of each tooth is the

connection between the crown anad root

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the root of each tooth is embedded into sockets located in the

maxilla and mandible

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the maxilla is the

superior jaw bone

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the mandible is the

inferior jaw bone

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chemical digestion occurs in the oral cavity because of the secretion of

saliva

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saliva contains an enzyme that breaks down starch called

amylase

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saliva also contains an antibacterial enzyme called

Lysozyme

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saliva is primarily produced in 3 glands called the

parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

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the hard palate forms the

anterior portion of the root of the oral cavity

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the soft palate forms the

posterior portion of the oral cavity

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hanging from the posterior border of the soft palate is a cone shaped muscular structure called the

uvula

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the uvula prevents food from entering the

nasal cavity

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the tongue is a muscular structure and is covered on the superior surface with small projections called

papillae

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a catalyst is

something that causes a reaction

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papillae contain sensory nerves and

taste buds

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the four tastes are

sweet,sour,salty,bitter

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Tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by the

lingual frenulum

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the anterior Labiae are connected to the gingivae by the

labial frenula

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pharynx is the

throat

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pharynx begins the process of

swallowing

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swallowing aka

deglutition

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esophagus is the

10 inch tube between the laryngopharynx AND the stomach

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the proximal(beginning) esophagus passes through the

mediastinum

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mediastinum is the

space between the lungs

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the distal (end) esophagus pierces the diaphragm through the

esophageal hiatus

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the diaphragm is the

primary muscle of ventilation

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ventilation means

breathing

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the sphincter that connects the esophagus to the stomach is called the

cardiac sphincter

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cardiac sphincter is AKA

lower esophageal sphincter

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a sphincter is a

ring of muscles that opens and closes

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the stomach is located in the

left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen

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the stomach is a bag of muscles designed to

churn, squash, and squeeze food into a liquid

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the liquid food is called

chyme

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chemical digestion occurs in the stomach due to

HCl (hydrochloric acid), Pepsin

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pepsin begins the digestion of

protein

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the stomach is protected from being dissolved by digestive enzymes doe to a

mucus layer

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in 2 to 6 hours the stomach empties all its contents into the duodenum through the

pyloric sphincter

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the duodenum is the

first section of the small intestine

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the second section of the small intestine is the

jejunum

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the third section of the small intestine is the

ilEum

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80% of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the

small intestine primarily the duodenum

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the nutrients absorbed in the small intestine include

simple sugars (glucose), amino acids (proteins), fatty acids, water, vitamins, minerals

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the ileum empties into the large intestine through the

ilEoccal valve (sphincter)

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the first section of the large intestine is called the

cecum

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a fingerlike projection off of the cecum is called the

(vermiform) appendix

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the appendix is located in the

RLQ right lower quadrant of the abdomen

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more specifically the appendix is located in the

right inguinal (iliac) region of the abdomen

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the second section of the large intestine is called the

ascending colon

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the ascending colon turns left at the

hepatic flexure

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the third section of the large intestine is called the

transverse colon

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the transverse colon curves beneath the inferior portion of the spleen at the

splenic flexure

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the fourth section of the large intestine is called the

descending colon

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the fifth section of the large intestine is called the

sigmoid colon

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the sixth section of the large intestine is called the

rectum

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stool (feces) leaves the body through the

anus (anal sphincter)

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stool (feces) is a

semi-solid waste expelled from the digestive system

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the rectum fills, stretch receptors (sensory cells) in the rectal wall send impulses to the brain to initiate the act of emptying the rectum called

defecation (defecate) or bowel movement (BM)

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an important function of the large intestine is to

absorb water

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dehydration can cause the stool (feces) to become

hard and difficult to defecate

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normal stool (feces) should be

brown and formed

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the pancreas is located

retrogastric

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retrogastric means

posterior to the stomach

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the pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum that will

aid in chemical digestion and neutralize hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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pancreatic enzymes include

amylase, trypsin, chymotripsin

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pancreatic enzymes are carried from the pancreas to the duodenum through the

pancreatic duct

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the pancreas also secretes the hormones

insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream

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insulin allows glucose (sugar) to

enter the bodys cells

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the secretion of insulin causes

the blood sugar to fall

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the secretion of glucagon stimulates the liver to

convert glycogen into glucose

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the secretion of glucagon causes

the blood sugar level to rise

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pancreatitis can be diagnosed by detecting high levels of

serum amylase

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the liver is located in the

RUQ of the abdomen

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the function of the liver include 1

production of heparin, prothrombin, and thrombin which are involved in the coagulation (clotting) mechanism

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the function of the liver include 2

remove hemolyzed erythrocytes (bilirubin)

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the function of the liver include 3

detoxifies poison (toxins) such as ammonias (NH3 subscript) alcohol (ETOH) and medications

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the function of the liver include 4

stores excess glucose as glycogen

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the function of the liver include 5

stores copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, +K

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the function of the liver include 6

produces bile

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bile is stored and concentrated in the

gall bladder

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the function of bile is to

emulsify (break up) fats

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the gall bladder is located

just inferior to the liver

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bile is carried from the liver to the gall bladder via the

common hepatic duct

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bile is carried from the gall bladder to the duodenum via the

common bile duct

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LFT stands for

liver function test

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liver function tests are used to detect

hepatic (liver) diseases

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liver function tests (LFTs) include

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP or Alk. Phos.), ALT AKA SGPT., AST AKA SGOT., LD AKA LDH, ammonia (NH sub 3) Albumin (Alb.) bilirubin (bili) or neonatal bilirubin hepatitis A virus (HAV) Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) hep B surface antibody (Anti-HB) HCV

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HBsAg is a test to detect the

hepatitis B virus (HBV)

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Anti-HB is a test to detect recovery or vaccination to the

hepatitis B virus (HBV)

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other tests of the GI system include

UGI (upper GI) AKA barium swallow, lower GI AKA barium enema (BaE or BE), EGD esophagogastroduodenoscpy, GB series or GB ultrasound (gallbladder), colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy

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an upper GI (UGI) and a lower GI are referred to as a

gastrointestinal (GI) series

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esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) refers to

the process of viewing the esophagus, stomach and duodenum with a lighted instrument

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colonoscopy refers to

the process of viewing the colon with a lighted instrument

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sigmoidoscopy refers to

the process of viewing the sigmoid colon with a lighted instrument

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Created by: CandiRoque