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Body Structures
The Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The digestive system is AKA the | gastrointestinal system (GI) |
| The gastrointestinal system (GI) prepares food for use by body's cells through five basic activities: | Ingestion, Peristalsis, Digestion, Absorption, Defecation |
| Ingestion involves | taking food into the oral cavity |
| Peristalsis is the | wave like muscular contractions of the GI system that push the food along the digestive tract |
| Borborygmos is the | gurgling sound produced by peristaltic movement |
| Borborygmos is AKA | bowel sounds (BS) |
| Digestionj is the | breakdown of food by both chemical and mechanical processes |
| Absorption is the | movement of digested food into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the bodys cells |
| Defection is the | elimination from the body those substances that are indigestible and can not be absorbed |
| the journey of food through the GI system takes an average of | 12 hours |
| the GI tract is AKA the | alimentary canal |
| The GI tract is a long continuous tube that runs from the | oral cavity to the anus |
| the length of the GI tract is approximately | 30 feet long |
| Digestion begins in the | oral cavity |
| mechanical digestion involves chewing AKA | mastication |
| the tongue, labiae, and buccae keep the food | between the superior and inferior dentes (teeth) |
| the labiae are the | lips |
| The buccae are the | cheeks |
| The dentes are the | teeth |
| Between ages 6 months to 2 years there are how many teeth | 20 temporary teeth |
| the 20 temporary teeth from 6 mongths to 2 years are also called the | Deciduous teeth |
| By age 13 there are how many permanent teeth | 32 |
| The 8 anterior (front) teeth are caled | incisors |
| The incisors are used to | cut food |
| The 4 teeth posterior to the incisors are called | canines |
| Canines AKA | cuspids |
| The canines (cuspids) are used to | tear food |
| The 8 teeth posterior to the canines (cuspids) are called | premolars |
| premolars AKA | bicuspids |
| the 12 teeth posterior to the premolars (bicuspids) are the | molars |
| the molars AKA | tricuspids |
| The premolars (bicuspids) and molars (tricuspids) are used to | grind food |
| the posterior molars (tricuspids) are AKA | wisdom teeth |
| each tooth is divided into three parts | the crown, the cervix (neck) and the root |
| the crown is the portion of each tooth above the | gingivae |
| the gingivae are the | gums |
| the crowns are covered by the hardest substance in the body called | enamel |
| the cervix (neck) of each tooth is the | connection between the crown anad root |
| the root of each tooth is embedded into sockets located in the | maxilla and mandible |
| the maxilla is the | superior jaw bone |
| the mandible is the | inferior jaw bone |
| chemical digestion occurs in the oral cavity because of the secretion of | saliva |
| saliva contains an enzyme that breaks down starch called | amylase |
| saliva also contains an antibacterial enzyme called | Lysozyme |
| saliva is primarily produced in 3 glands called the | parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands |
| the hard palate forms the | anterior portion of the root of the oral cavity |
| the soft palate forms the | posterior portion of the oral cavity |
| hanging from the posterior border of the soft palate is a cone shaped muscular structure called the | uvula |
| the uvula prevents food from entering the | nasal cavity |
| the tongue is a muscular structure and is covered on the superior surface with small projections called | papillae |
| a catalyst is | something that causes a reaction |
| papillae contain sensory nerves and | taste buds |
| the four tastes are | sweet,sour,salty,bitter |
| Tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by the | lingual frenulum |
| the anterior Labiae are connected to the gingivae by the | labial frenula |
| pharynx is the | throat |
| pharynx begins the process of | swallowing |
| swallowing aka | deglutition |
| esophagus is the | 10 inch tube between the laryngopharynx AND the stomach |
| the proximal(beginning) esophagus passes through the | mediastinum |
| mediastinum is the | space between the lungs |
| the distal (end) esophagus pierces the diaphragm through the | esophageal hiatus |
| the diaphragm is the | primary muscle of ventilation |
| ventilation means | breathing |
| the sphincter that connects the esophagus to the stomach is called the | cardiac sphincter |
| cardiac sphincter is AKA | lower esophageal sphincter |
| a sphincter is a | ring of muscles that opens and closes |
| the stomach is located in the | left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen |
| the stomach is a bag of muscles designed to | churn, squash, and squeeze food into a liquid |
| the liquid food is called | chyme |
| chemical digestion occurs in the stomach due to | HCl (hydrochloric acid), Pepsin |
| pepsin begins the digestion of | protein |
| the stomach is protected from being dissolved by digestive enzymes doe to a | mucus layer |
| in 2 to 6 hours the stomach empties all its contents into the duodenum through the | pyloric sphincter |
| the duodenum is the | first section of the small intestine |
| the second section of the small intestine is the | jejunum |
| the third section of the small intestine is the | ilEum |
| 80% of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the | small intestine primarily the duodenum |
| the nutrients absorbed in the small intestine include | simple sugars (glucose), amino acids (proteins), fatty acids, water, vitamins, minerals |
| the ileum empties into the large intestine through the | ilEoccal valve (sphincter) |
| the first section of the large intestine is called the | cecum |
| a fingerlike projection off of the cecum is called the | (vermiform) appendix |
| the appendix is located in the | RLQ right lower quadrant of the abdomen |
| more specifically the appendix is located in the | right inguinal (iliac) region of the abdomen |
| the second section of the large intestine is called the | ascending colon |
| the ascending colon turns left at the | hepatic flexure |
| the third section of the large intestine is called the | transverse colon |
| the transverse colon curves beneath the inferior portion of the spleen at the | splenic flexure |
| the fourth section of the large intestine is called the | descending colon |
| the fifth section of the large intestine is called the | sigmoid colon |
| the sixth section of the large intestine is called the | rectum |
| stool (feces) leaves the body through the | anus (anal sphincter) |
| stool (feces) is a | semi-solid waste expelled from the digestive system |
| the rectum fills, stretch receptors (sensory cells) in the rectal wall send impulses to the brain to initiate the act of emptying the rectum called | defecation (defecate) or bowel movement (BM) |
| an important function of the large intestine is to | absorb water |
| dehydration can cause the stool (feces) to become | hard and difficult to defecate |
| normal stool (feces) should be | brown and formed |
| the pancreas is located | retrogastric |
| retrogastric means | posterior to the stomach |
| the pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum that will | aid in chemical digestion and neutralize hydrochloric acid (HCl) |
| pancreatic enzymes include | amylase, trypsin, chymotripsin |
| pancreatic enzymes are carried from the pancreas to the duodenum through the | pancreatic duct |
| the pancreas also secretes the hormones | insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream |
| insulin allows glucose (sugar) to | enter the bodys cells |
| the secretion of insulin causes | the blood sugar to fall |
| the secretion of glucagon stimulates the liver to | convert glycogen into glucose |
| the secretion of glucagon causes | the blood sugar level to rise |
| pancreatitis can be diagnosed by detecting high levels of | serum amylase |
| the liver is located in the | RUQ of the abdomen |
| the function of the liver include 1 | production of heparin, prothrombin, and thrombin which are involved in the coagulation (clotting) mechanism |
| the function of the liver include 2 | remove hemolyzed erythrocytes (bilirubin) |
| the function of the liver include 3 | detoxifies poison (toxins) such as ammonias (NH3 subscript) alcohol (ETOH) and medications |
| the function of the liver include 4 | stores excess glucose as glycogen |
| the function of the liver include 5 | stores copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, +K |
| the function of the liver include 6 | produces bile |
| bile is stored and concentrated in the | gall bladder |
| the function of bile is to | emulsify (break up) fats |
| the gall bladder is located | just inferior to the liver |
| bile is carried from the liver to the gall bladder via the | common hepatic duct |
| bile is carried from the gall bladder to the duodenum via the | common bile duct |
| LFT stands for | liver function test |
| liver function tests are used to detect | hepatic (liver) diseases |
| liver function tests (LFTs) include | Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP or Alk. Phos.), ALT AKA SGPT., AST AKA SGOT., LD AKA LDH, ammonia (NH sub 3) Albumin (Alb.) bilirubin (bili) or neonatal bilirubin hepatitis A virus (HAV) Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) hep B surface antibody (Anti-HB) HCV |
| HBsAg is a test to detect the | hepatitis B virus (HBV) |
| Anti-HB is a test to detect recovery or vaccination to the | hepatitis B virus (HBV) |
| other tests of the GI system include | UGI (upper GI) AKA barium swallow, lower GI AKA barium enema (BaE or BE), EGD esophagogastroduodenoscpy, GB series or GB ultrasound (gallbladder), colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy |
| an upper GI (UGI) and a lower GI are referred to as a | gastrointestinal (GI) series |
| esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) refers to | the process of viewing the esophagus, stomach and duodenum with a lighted instrument |
| colonoscopy refers to | the process of viewing the colon with a lighted instrument |
| sigmoidoscopy refers to | the process of viewing the sigmoid colon with a lighted instrument |
Created by:
CandiRoque