Basic Concepts of Chemistry
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| Hypothesis | A tentative explanation or prediction based on experimental observations
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| Law | Concise verbal or mathematical statement of a behavior or a relation that seems always to be the same under the same conditions
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| Theory | A well tested, unifying principle that explains a body of facts. It is capable of suggesting new hypotheses that can be tested experimentally; guiding to understand the nature
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| What are the four points in an experiment? | -
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| 1. | Results must be reproducible
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| 2. | Results must be sufficient detail that they can be used or reproduced by others (need multiple confirmation)
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| 3. | Conclusion should be reasonable and unbiased
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| 4. | Credit should be contributed to other scientists work if used
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| Qualitative Observation Points | -
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| 1. | Stating if something is hot or cold with out a specify temperature
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| 2. | No numbers involved
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| 3. | Not measurable
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| 4. | Described by its appearance and color (large or small)
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| 5. | Identifying something by small
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| Quantitative Observation Points (3) | -
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| 1. | A quantity that is measurable
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| 2. | Numbers with units that are expressed from measurements
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| 3. | Dimensions are given
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| 7 types of dimensions | Mass; Time; Distance; Volume; Density; Temp; Colors specified as wavelengths
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| States of Matter (3) | Solid; Liquid; Gas
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| Describe solid matter | Packed closely together; particles vibrate back and forth; particles squeeze past their neighbors to connected with a new set of partciles
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| Describe liquid matter | Arranged randomly; are fluid; not confined in a specific location; can move past one another
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| Describe gas matter | Far apart; move rapidly/not constrained; Molecules collide with one another; able to fill the spaces = volume
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| What states of mater can water be | All
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| Solids | Fixed volume; Shape may reflect the atomic and molecular arrangement; structure well understood
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| Liquids | Have no fixed shape and may not fill the container completely; structure not well understand
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| Gases | Expand to fill their container completely' well defined
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| How are liquids faster than solids? | Time scale
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| Mixtures | More than 1 pure substance presence
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| Name 2 mixtures | Hetergenous and Homogenous mixtures
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| Hetergenous mixture | Does not have a uniform composition. It's components are easily visually distinguishable
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| Homogenous mixture | Doesn't have different properties. Consists of 2 or more substances in the same phase
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| Pure Substances | Fixed composition; cannot be purified
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| How are pure substances classified? | Elements and Compounds
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| Compounds | Further reduced into two or more elements
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| Elements | Consist of only one atom; cannot be condensed
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| Example of a hetergenous mixture | Ni covering Si; NaCl and oil
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| Example of homogenous mixture | NaCl + Water
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| Matter and its represtation | Observe; Imagine; Represent
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| Observe | Macroscopic (camera pic)
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| Imagine | Particulate (To what we can't see)
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| Represent | Symbolic (H20 liquid > H20 gas)
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| What does we use in chemistry to represent matter? | Chemical formulas and symbols
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| 1 meter = | 1 cm
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| We are macroscopic: | Large in size on the order of 100's of cm
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| Atoms and molecules are microscopic: | On the order of 10^-12 m
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| 1 nm = | 10^-9 m
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| 1 pm = | 10^-12 m
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| How many elements are recorded? | 117
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| Molecule | Ammonia (NH3)
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| Ionic Compounds | Iron pyrite (FeS2)
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| All compounds are made up of what? | Molecules and Ions
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| Molecule is the smallest unit of what? | A compound retaining the chemical characteristics
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| Ionic compounds are found by... | Formula unit
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| Composition of molecules is given by... | Molecule formula
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| List of physical properties | Color; State; Melting/Boiling point; Density (mass/volume)
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| (Mass) Depends upon the amount of substance | Extensive properties
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| Does not depend upon the amount of substance (Density) | Intensive properties
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| What is teh purpose of lone pairs? | Helps elements combine to help them become stable
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| How are water molecules attracted to one another? | Hydrogen bonds
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| Methane molecules exhibit weak | London forces (CH4)
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| Physical properties are affected by... | Temperature
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| Density of water changes by... | Temperature
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| The density of water increases when the temp... | Increases (liquid)
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| The density of water decreases when temp... | Is at low Celsius (ice)
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| Physical Property List | Means of Separation List
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| Density | Centrifugation
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| Boiling Point | Distillaion
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| State of Matter | Filtration
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| Intermolecular Forces | Chromatography
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| Vapor Pressure | Evaporation
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| Magnetism | Magnets
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| Solubility | Filtration
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| Graphite is made by what? | Carbon
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| Chemical properties are... | Chemical change
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| What does a chemical property indicate? | How fast a chemical will go under a chemical change with another material
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| What can energy be classified as? | Kinetic or Potential
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| Kinetic energy | Is energy associated with motion
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| What types of motion (4) | Thermal; motion of a marcoscopic object; Electrical; Wave motion (transverse and compression)
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| Potential energy | Result's from an object's position
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| Potential energy points (5) | -
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| 1. | Gravitational: An object held at height
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| 2. | Energy stored in molecules (chemical energy, food)
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| 3. | Energy stored in extended spring
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| 4. | Charged particles (electrostatic energy)
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| 5. | Nuclear energy (fusion)
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