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Chem 1 Sec 1
Basic Concepts of Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hypothesis | A tentative explanation or prediction based on experimental observations |
| Law | Concise verbal or mathematical statement of a behavior or a relation that seems always to be the same under the same conditions |
| Theory | A well tested, unifying principle that explains a body of facts. It is capable of suggesting new hypotheses that can be tested experimentally; guiding to understand the nature |
| What are the four points in an experiment? | - |
| 1. | Results must be reproducible |
| 2. | Results must be sufficient detail that they can be used or reproduced by others (need multiple confirmation) |
| 3. | Conclusion should be reasonable and unbiased |
| 4. | Credit should be contributed to other scientists work if used |
| Qualitative Observation Points | - |
| 1. | Stating if something is hot or cold with out a specify temperature |
| 2. | No numbers involved |
| 3. | Not measurable |
| 4. | Described by its appearance and color (large or small) |
| 5. | Identifying something by small |
| Quantitative Observation Points (3) | - |
| 1. | A quantity that is measurable |
| 2. | Numbers with units that are expressed from measurements |
| 3. | Dimensions are given |
| 7 types of dimensions | Mass; Time; Distance; Volume; Density; Temp; Colors specified as wavelengths |
| States of Matter (3) | Solid; Liquid; Gas |
| Describe solid matter | Packed closely together; particles vibrate back and forth; particles squeeze past their neighbors to connected with a new set of partciles |
| Describe liquid matter | Arranged randomly; are fluid; not confined in a specific location; can move past one another |
| Describe gas matter | Far apart; move rapidly/not constrained; Molecules collide with one another; able to fill the spaces = volume |
| What states of mater can water be | All |
| Solids | Fixed volume; Shape may reflect the atomic and molecular arrangement; structure well understood |
| Liquids | Have no fixed shape and may not fill the container completely; structure not well understand |
| Gases | Expand to fill their container completely' well defined |
| How are liquids faster than solids? | Time scale |
| Mixtures | More than 1 pure substance presence |
| Name 2 mixtures | Hetergenous and Homogenous mixtures |
| Hetergenous mixture | Does not have a uniform composition. It's components are easily visually distinguishable |
| Homogenous mixture | Doesn't have different properties. Consists of 2 or more substances in the same phase |
| Pure Substances | Fixed composition; cannot be purified |
| How are pure substances classified? | Elements and Compounds |
| Compounds | Further reduced into two or more elements |
| Elements | Consist of only one atom; cannot be condensed |
| Example of a hetergenous mixture | Ni covering Si; NaCl and oil |
| Example of homogenous mixture | NaCl + Water |
| Matter and its represtation | Observe; Imagine; Represent |
| Observe | Macroscopic (camera pic) |
| Imagine | Particulate (To what we can't see) |
| Represent | Symbolic (H20 liquid > H20 gas) |
| What does we use in chemistry to represent matter? | Chemical formulas and symbols |
| 1 meter = | 1 cm |
| We are macroscopic: | Large in size on the order of 100's of cm |
| Atoms and molecules are microscopic: | On the order of 10^-12 m |
| 1 nm = | 10^-9 m |
| 1 pm = | 10^-12 m |
| How many elements are recorded? | 117 |
| Molecule | Ammonia (NH3) |
| Ionic Compounds | Iron pyrite (FeS2) |
| All compounds are made up of what? | Molecules and Ions |
| Molecule is the smallest unit of what? | A compound retaining the chemical characteristics |
| Ionic compounds are found by... | Formula unit |
| Composition of molecules is given by... | Molecule formula |
| List of physical properties | Color; State; Melting/Boiling point; Density (mass/volume) |
| (Mass) Depends upon the amount of substance | Extensive properties |
| Does not depend upon the amount of substance (Density) | Intensive properties |
| What is teh purpose of lone pairs? | Helps elements combine to help them become stable |
| How are water molecules attracted to one another? | Hydrogen bonds |
| Methane molecules exhibit weak | London forces (CH4) |
| Physical properties are affected by... | Temperature |
| Density of water changes by... | Temperature |
| The density of water increases when the temp... | Increases (liquid) |
| The density of water decreases when temp... | Is at low Celsius (ice) |
| Physical Property List | Means of Separation List |
| Density | Centrifugation |
| Boiling Point | Distillaion |
| State of Matter | Filtration |
| Intermolecular Forces | Chromatography |
| Vapor Pressure | Evaporation |
| Magnetism | Magnets |
| Solubility | Filtration |
| Graphite is made by what? | Carbon |
| Chemical properties are... | Chemical change |
| What does a chemical property indicate? | How fast a chemical will go under a chemical change with another material |
| What can energy be classified as? | Kinetic or Potential |
| Kinetic energy | Is energy associated with motion |
| What types of motion (4) | Thermal; motion of a marcoscopic object; Electrical; Wave motion (transverse and compression) |
| Potential energy | Result's from an object's position |
| Potential energy points (5) | - |
| 1. | Gravitational: An object held at height |
| 2. | Energy stored in molecules (chemical energy, food) |
| 3. | Energy stored in extended spring |
| 4. | Charged particles (electrostatic energy) |
| 5. | Nuclear energy (fusion) |
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animalsavior
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