CY Exam 1 (Ch 1-3)
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| Celsius temperature scale | temperature scale in which water has a freezing point of 0 degrees C and a boiling point of 100 degrees C
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| centimeter | a unit of length in the metric system
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| How many centimeters are in one inch? | 2.54 cm
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| chemical | a substance that has the same composition and properties wherever it is found
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| chemistry | the science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter
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| conversion factor | a ratio in which the numerator and denominator are quantities from an equality or given relationship
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| cubic centimeter | the volume of a cube that has 1-cm sides
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| density | the relationship of the mass of an object to its volume expressed as grams per cubic centimeter, grams per milliliter, or grams per liter
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| equality | a relationship between two units that measure the same quantity
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| exact number | a number obtained by counting or by definition
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| gram | the metric unit used in measurements of mass
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| International System of Units (SI) | a system of units that modifies the metric system
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| Kelvin temperature scale | a temperature scale on which the lowest possible temperature is 0 K
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| kilogram | SI standard unit of mass
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| liter | metric unit of volume that is slightly larger than a quart
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| mass | a measure of the quantity of material in an object
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| measured number | a number obtained when a quantity is determined by using a measuring device
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| meter | the metric unit for length that is slightly longer than a yard
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| meter | SI standard unit of length
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| metric system | system of measurement used by scientists and in most countries of the world
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| milliliter | metric unit of volume
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| prefix | part of the name of a metric unit that precedes the base unit and specifies the size of the measurement; related on a decimal scale
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| scientific notation | a form of writing large and small numbers using a coefficient that is at least one but less than ten, followed by a power of ten
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| second | standard unit of time in the SI and metric system
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| significant figures | the numbers recorded in a measurement
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| specific gravity | relationship between the density of a substance and the density of water
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| temperature | an indicator of the hotness or coldness of an object
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| volume | the amount of space occupied by a substance
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| boiling | the formation of bubbles of gas throughout a liquid
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| boiling point | the temperature at which a liquid changes to gas and gas changes to liquid
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| calorie | the amount of heat energy that raises the temperature of exactly one gram of water one degree Celsius
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| What is one calorie equal to? | 4.184 Joules
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| Calorie | a nutritional unit of energy equal to 1000 cal or 1 kcal
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| change of state | the transformation of one state of matter to another
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| chemical change | a change during which the original substance is converted into a new substance with a different composition and new physical and chemical properties
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| chemical properties | the properties that indicate the ability of a substance to change to a new substance
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| compound | a pure substance consisting of two or more elements, with a definite composition, that can be broken down into a simpler substance only by chemical methods
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| condensation | the change of state of a gas to a liquid
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| deposition | gas particles changing directly to a solid
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| element | a pure substance containing only one type of matter, which cannot be broken down by chemical methods
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| energy | the ability to do work
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| energy (caloric) value | the kilojoules or kilocalories obtained per gram of the three food types
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| What are the three main food types? | carbohydrate, fat, protein
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| evaporation | the formation of a gas (vapor) by the escape of high-energy molecules from the surface of a liquid
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| freezing | a changed of state from liquid to solid
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| freezing point | the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid and a solid changes to a liquid
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| gas | a state of matter characterized by no definite shape or volume; particles move rapidly
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| heat | the energy associated with the motion of particles in a substance
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| joule | SI unit of heat energy
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| kinetic energy | energy of motion
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| liquid | a state of matter that takes the shape of its container but has a definite volume
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| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space
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| melting | a change of state that involves the conversion of a solid to a liquid
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| melting point | the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid; same temperature as the freezing point
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| mixture | the physical combination of two or more substances that does not change the identities of the substances
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| physical change | the change in which the the physical appearance of a substance changes, but the chemical composition stays the same
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| physical properties | the properties that can be observed or measured without affecting the identity of a substance
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| potential energy | an inactive type of energy that is stored for future use
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| pure substance | matter composed of elements or compounds that has a definite composition
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| solid | state of matter that has its own shape and volume
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| specific heat | a quantity of heat that changes the temperature of exactly one gram of a substance by exactly one degree Celsius
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| sublimation | the change of state in which a solid is transformed directly to a gas without forming a liquid first
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| work | an activity that requires energy
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| alkali metal | an element in Group 1A, except hydrogen, that is a soft, shiny metal with one electron in its outermost energy level
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| alkaline earth metal | an element in Group 2A that has two electrons in its outermost energy level
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| atom | the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element
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| atomic mass | the weighted average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element
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| atomic mass unit | used to describe the mass of extremely small particles such as atoms and subatomic particles
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| atomic number | a number that is equal to the number of protons in an atom
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| atomic symbol | an abbreviation used to indicate the mass number and atomic number of an isotope
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| chemical symbol | an abbreviation that represents the name of an element
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| d-block | the block of ten elements from Groups 3A (3) to 2B (12) in which electrons fill the five d orbitals in the d sublevels
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| electron | a negatively charges subatomic particle having a minute mass that is usually ignore in mass calculations
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| electron configuration | a list of the number of electrons in each sublevel within an atom, arranged by increasing energy
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| electron-dot symbol | the representation of an atom that shows valence electrons as dots around the symbol of the element
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| energy level | a group of electrons with similar energy
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| f-block | the block of fourteen elements in the rows at the bottom of the periodic table in which the electrons fill the seven f orbitals in the 4f and 5f sublevels
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| group | a vertical column in the periodic table that contains elements having similar physical and chemical properties
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| group number | a number that appears at the top of each vertical column (group) in the periodic table and indicates the number of electrons in the outermost energy level
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| halogen | an element in Group 7A (17)-fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine-that has seven electrons in its outermost energy level
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| ionization energy | the energy needed to remove the least tightly bound electron from the outermost energy level of an atom
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| isotope | an atom that differs only in mass number from another atom of the same element; have the same atomic number (number of protons) but different numbers of neutrons
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| mass number | the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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| metal | an element that is shiny, malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity; located to the left of the zigzag line on the periodic table
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| metallic character | a measure of how easily an element loses a valence electron
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| metalloid | elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals located along the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table
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| neutron | a neutral subatomic particle having a mass of about one amu and found in the nucleus of an atom
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| noble gas | an element in Group 8A (18) of the periodic table, generally unreactive and seldom found in combination with other elements, that has eight electrons (except helium) in its outermost energy level
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| nonmetal | an element with little or no luster that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity; located to the right of the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table
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| nucleus | the compact, extremely dense center of an atom, containing the protons and neutrons of the atom
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| orbital | the region around the nucleus where electrons of a certain energy are more likely to be found
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| s-orbitals | spherical shape
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| p-orbitals | two-lobed shape
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| orbital diagram | a diagram that shows the distribution of electrons in the orbitals of the energy levels
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| p-block | the elements in Groups 3A (13) to 8A (18) in which electrons fill the p-orbitals in the p sublevels
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| period | a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
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| periodic table | an arrangement of elements by increasing atomic number such that elements having similar chemical behavior are grouped in vertical columns
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| proton | a positively charged subatomic particle having a mass of about one amu and found in the nucleus of an atom
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| representative element | an element in the first two columns on the left of the periodic table and the last six columns on the right that has a group number of 1A through 8A or 1, 2, and 13-18
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| s-block | the elements in Groups 1A (1) and 2A (2) in which electrons fill the s orbitals
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| subatomic particle | a particle within an atom; includes protons, neutrons, and electrons
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| sublevel | a group of orbitals of equal energy within principal energy levels; the number equals the principal quantum number
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| transition element | an element in the center of the periodic table that is designated with the letter "B" or the group number of 3-12
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| valence electron | electrons in the highest energy level of an atom
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| Dalton's atomic theory | 1)all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms 2)all atoms of a given element are similar to one another and different from atoms of other elements 3) atoms of two or more different elements combine to form compounds 4)...
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| heterogenous mixture | components do not have a uniform composition; examples: oil and water, raisin cookie, pulp in orange juice
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| homogenous mixture (solution) | the composition is uniform throughout the sample; examples: air, salt water
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