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CY Exam 1 (Ch 1-3)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Celsius temperature scale | temperature scale in which water has a freezing point of 0 degrees C and a boiling point of 100 degrees C |
| centimeter | a unit of length in the metric system |
| How many centimeters are in one inch? | 2.54 cm |
| chemical | a substance that has the same composition and properties wherever it is found |
| chemistry | the science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter |
| conversion factor | a ratio in which the numerator and denominator are quantities from an equality or given relationship |
| cubic centimeter | the volume of a cube that has 1-cm sides |
| density | the relationship of the mass of an object to its volume expressed as grams per cubic centimeter, grams per milliliter, or grams per liter |
| equality | a relationship between two units that measure the same quantity |
| exact number | a number obtained by counting or by definition |
| gram | the metric unit used in measurements of mass |
| International System of Units (SI) | a system of units that modifies the metric system |
| Kelvin temperature scale | a temperature scale on which the lowest possible temperature is 0 K |
| kilogram | SI standard unit of mass |
| liter | metric unit of volume that is slightly larger than a quart |
| mass | a measure of the quantity of material in an object |
| measured number | a number obtained when a quantity is determined by using a measuring device |
| meter | the metric unit for length that is slightly longer than a yard |
| meter | SI standard unit of length |
| metric system | system of measurement used by scientists and in most countries of the world |
| milliliter | metric unit of volume |
| prefix | part of the name of a metric unit that precedes the base unit and specifies the size of the measurement; related on a decimal scale |
| scientific notation | a form of writing large and small numbers using a coefficient that is at least one but less than ten, followed by a power of ten |
| second | standard unit of time in the SI and metric system |
| significant figures | the numbers recorded in a measurement |
| specific gravity | relationship between the density of a substance and the density of water |
| temperature | an indicator of the hotness or coldness of an object |
| volume | the amount of space occupied by a substance |
| boiling | the formation of bubbles of gas throughout a liquid |
| boiling point | the temperature at which a liquid changes to gas and gas changes to liquid |
| calorie | the amount of heat energy that raises the temperature of exactly one gram of water one degree Celsius |
| What is one calorie equal to? | 4.184 Joules |
| Calorie | a nutritional unit of energy equal to 1000 cal or 1 kcal |
| change of state | the transformation of one state of matter to another |
| chemical change | a change during which the original substance is converted into a new substance with a different composition and new physical and chemical properties |
| chemical properties | the properties that indicate the ability of a substance to change to a new substance |
| compound | a pure substance consisting of two or more elements, with a definite composition, that can be broken down into a simpler substance only by chemical methods |
| condensation | the change of state of a gas to a liquid |
| deposition | gas particles changing directly to a solid |
| element | a pure substance containing only one type of matter, which cannot be broken down by chemical methods |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| energy (caloric) value | the kilojoules or kilocalories obtained per gram of the three food types |
| What are the three main food types? | carbohydrate, fat, protein |
| evaporation | the formation of a gas (vapor) by the escape of high-energy molecules from the surface of a liquid |
| freezing | a changed of state from liquid to solid |
| freezing point | the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid and a solid changes to a liquid |
| gas | a state of matter characterized by no definite shape or volume; particles move rapidly |
| heat | the energy associated with the motion of particles in a substance |
| joule | SI unit of heat energy |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| liquid | a state of matter that takes the shape of its container but has a definite volume |
| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space |
| melting | a change of state that involves the conversion of a solid to a liquid |
| melting point | the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid; same temperature as the freezing point |
| mixture | the physical combination of two or more substances that does not change the identities of the substances |
| physical change | the change in which the the physical appearance of a substance changes, but the chemical composition stays the same |
| physical properties | the properties that can be observed or measured without affecting the identity of a substance |
| potential energy | an inactive type of energy that is stored for future use |
| pure substance | matter composed of elements or compounds that has a definite composition |
| solid | state of matter that has its own shape and volume |
| specific heat | a quantity of heat that changes the temperature of exactly one gram of a substance by exactly one degree Celsius |
| sublimation | the change of state in which a solid is transformed directly to a gas without forming a liquid first |
| work | an activity that requires energy |
| alkali metal | an element in Group 1A, except hydrogen, that is a soft, shiny metal with one electron in its outermost energy level |
| alkaline earth metal | an element in Group 2A that has two electrons in its outermost energy level |
| atom | the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element |
| atomic mass | the weighted average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element |
| atomic mass unit | used to describe the mass of extremely small particles such as atoms and subatomic particles |
| atomic number | a number that is equal to the number of protons in an atom |
| atomic symbol | an abbreviation used to indicate the mass number and atomic number of an isotope |
| chemical symbol | an abbreviation that represents the name of an element |
| d-block | the block of ten elements from Groups 3A (3) to 2B (12) in which electrons fill the five d orbitals in the d sublevels |
| electron | a negatively charges subatomic particle having a minute mass that is usually ignore in mass calculations |
| electron configuration | a list of the number of electrons in each sublevel within an atom, arranged by increasing energy |
| electron-dot symbol | the representation of an atom that shows valence electrons as dots around the symbol of the element |
| energy level | a group of electrons with similar energy |
| f-block | the block of fourteen elements in the rows at the bottom of the periodic table in which the electrons fill the seven f orbitals in the 4f and 5f sublevels |
| group | a vertical column in the periodic table that contains elements having similar physical and chemical properties |
| group number | a number that appears at the top of each vertical column (group) in the periodic table and indicates the number of electrons in the outermost energy level |
| halogen | an element in Group 7A (17)-fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine-that has seven electrons in its outermost energy level |
| ionization energy | the energy needed to remove the least tightly bound electron from the outermost energy level of an atom |
| isotope | an atom that differs only in mass number from another atom of the same element; have the same atomic number (number of protons) but different numbers of neutrons |
| mass number | the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| metal | an element that is shiny, malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity; located to the left of the zigzag line on the periodic table |
| metallic character | a measure of how easily an element loses a valence electron |
| metalloid | elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals located along the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table |
| neutron | a neutral subatomic particle having a mass of about one amu and found in the nucleus of an atom |
| noble gas | an element in Group 8A (18) of the periodic table, generally unreactive and seldom found in combination with other elements, that has eight electrons (except helium) in its outermost energy level |
| nonmetal | an element with little or no luster that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity; located to the right of the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table |
| nucleus | the compact, extremely dense center of an atom, containing the protons and neutrons of the atom |
| orbital | the region around the nucleus where electrons of a certain energy are more likely to be found |
| s-orbitals | spherical shape |
| p-orbitals | two-lobed shape |
| orbital diagram | a diagram that shows the distribution of electrons in the orbitals of the energy levels |
| p-block | the elements in Groups 3A (13) to 8A (18) in which electrons fill the p-orbitals in the p sublevels |
| period | a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table |
| periodic table | an arrangement of elements by increasing atomic number such that elements having similar chemical behavior are grouped in vertical columns |
| proton | a positively charged subatomic particle having a mass of about one amu and found in the nucleus of an atom |
| representative element | an element in the first two columns on the left of the periodic table and the last six columns on the right that has a group number of 1A through 8A or 1, 2, and 13-18 |
| s-block | the elements in Groups 1A (1) and 2A (2) in which electrons fill the s orbitals |
| subatomic particle | a particle within an atom; includes protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| sublevel | a group of orbitals of equal energy within principal energy levels; the number equals the principal quantum number |
| transition element | an element in the center of the periodic table that is designated with the letter "B" or the group number of 3-12 |
| valence electron | electrons in the highest energy level of an atom |
| Dalton's atomic theory | 1)all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms 2)all atoms of a given element are similar to one another and different from atoms of other elements 3) atoms of two or more different elements combine to form compounds 4)... |
| heterogenous mixture | components do not have a uniform composition; examples: oil and water, raisin cookie, pulp in orange juice |
| homogenous mixture (solution) | the composition is uniform throughout the sample; examples: air, salt water |
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