Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds
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| "X" represnts | Element
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| Atomic number | # of protons in the nucleus
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| Mass Number | # of nucleons in the nucleus
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| How are isotopes different? | Different total # of nucleons
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| How do you determine the masses of Isotopes? | Mass Spectrometer
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| What info does the mass spectrometer provide? | The mass and the relative abundance of the element's isotopes
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| Each isotope is represented by | Relative Abundance
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| How many isotopes does Hydrogen have? | 3
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| How many isotopes does Boron have? | 2
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| How many isotopes does Neon have? | 3
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| How many isotopes does Magnesium have? | 3
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| Look at Table 2.2 Isotope Abundnace | -
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| The atomic mass on the periodic chart are | Weighted averages
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| How many isotopes does Chlorine have? | 2 (Cl-35) (Cl-37)
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| Cl-35 | Atomic mass- 35, Protons-17
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| Cl-35 mass and relative abundance | 34.96885 u, 75.53%
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| Cl-37 | Atomic mass- 37, Protons-17
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| Cl-37 mass and relative abundance | 36.96590 u, 24.47%
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| Look at Isotope problem | -
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| Who developed the modern periodic table? | Dimitri Mendeleev
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| What did Mendeleev argue about? | Elemental properties are periodic functions of atomic weights
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| Refer to the Periodic Table | -
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| Refer to Regions in the Periodic Table | -
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| Group 1A | Alkali Metals
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| Alkali metals | Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
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| What state of matter is alkali metals and their reactivity? | Solids and are reactive with water to produce H+ and basic solutions
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| Where are these metals found? | Only in nature/ they are never free elements
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| Group 2A | Alkaline Earth Metals
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| Alkaline earth metals | Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
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| What state of matter are AEM? | They are solids and are found naturally only in compounds
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| How do AEM react? | Except Be, they react with water to produce basic solutions
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| What are Mg and Ca? | 7th and 5th most abundant element's in the earth's crust
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| Group 3A | All are metals except Boron is a metalloid
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| Al is the abundant metal in what? | Earth's crust at 8.2% by mass
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| Gallium is one of the few metals that can do what? | Become liquid at room temperature
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| Refer to Gems and Minerals | -
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| Group 4A | Nonmetal (C), Metalloids (Si & Ge), Metals (Sn & Pb)
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| Because of the change from nonmetallic to metallic behavior... | More variation occurs in the properties of the elements of this group than in most others
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| What does Group 4A form with its elements? | Compounds with Analogous formulas
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| Allotropes | Nonmetal elements that have their own physical and chemical properties
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| How much does Nitrogen take up in earth's atmosphere? | 3/4
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| What is a single oxygen atom considered as? | Atomic Oxygen
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| In addition to nitrogen there are several elements that exist in nature such as... | Diatomic and polyatomic molecules
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| Oxygen | 20% of earth's atmosphere and combines with most elements
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| Where does most energy come from? | Oxygen combining with other substances
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| What is Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium? | Chalcogens
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| Group 7A: Halogens | Nonmetals; most reactive elements out of all
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| Group 7A combines with who? | Alkali metals to form salts such as table salt
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| What is the Greek word for Halogens? | salt
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| What is Group 8A known as and their reactivity? | Noble gases; least recative
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| Group 8A state of matter | All gases and are not abundant on earth or its atmosphere
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| What is between groups 2A and 3A? | Transition elements
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| Which transition metals are abundant in the earth's crust and are metals? | 13 are metals; 30 are abundant in the earth's crust
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| Cu, Ag, Au, and Pt can be found where? | In nature as pure substances; less recative
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| Elements combine to do what? | Form compounds
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| How are compounds and elements different? | Have different chemical and physical properties than before
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| Compounds | 2 or more elements in definite ratios by mass
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| Molecules | The smallest unit of a compound that retains its characteristics of the compound (nonmetal +nonmetal)
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| Compounds are never presented with what? | Half numbers
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| Molecular formula | #'s & types of each atom
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| Condensed formula | Indicates structure
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| Structural formula | Shows the connections (bonds)
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| Molecular Model | Give 3-D perspective
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| Ionic compounds | metals and nonmetals
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| What do ionic compounds consist of? | Ions
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| What are ions? | Atoms of groups of atoms that bear positive or negative electric charge
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| What compounds are composed of ions? | Table salt and Sodium Chloride
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| Cations | Removing an electron producing a positive charge
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| Anions | Adding an electron producing a negative charge
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| Look at Predicting Ion Charges to Naming Ionic Compounds | -
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| Memorize Polyatomic Ions | -
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| Electrostatic Forces | Makes cations and anions (oppositely charged ions) attracted to one another
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| Look at Coulomb's Law Equation | -
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| If ion charges increase... | The attractive forces between ions increase
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| As the distance between the oppositely charges increase | Attractive forces decrease
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| Memorize Naming Molecular Compounds | -
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| Ionic compounds are identified as... | Metals and nonmetals combining
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| Avogadro's number | 6.0221415 x 10^23
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| Look at Counting Atoms: The Mole till the END | -
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