College Chem vocab, chapters 1-3 (Gilbert, Kirss,Foster, Davies; Second Edition)
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| Matter | The material of which the universe is made; has mass and occupies space.
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| Mass | Defines the quantity of matter in an object. Measured on balances.
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| Chemistry | The science of matter and its composition, structure, and properties.
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| Pure Substance | Has the same physical and chemical properties independent of its source.
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| Mixture | A combination of pure substances in variable proportions in which the individual substances retain their chemical identities.
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| Homogeneous Mixture | Components are distributed evenly throughout the mixture.
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| Heterogeneous Mixture | Components are not mixed evenly due to different compositions.
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| Element | A pure substance that cannot be separated into similar substances my chemical means.
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| Compound | A substance composed of two or more elements linked together in fixed proportions.
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| Volume | The space occupied by matter.
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| Law of Constant Composition | All samples of a particular compound always contain the same elements in the same proportions.
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| Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) | Generates images of surfaces at the atomic scale.
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| Atom | The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical characteristics of the element.
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| Molecule | A collection of atoms chemically bonded together.
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| Chemical Equation | Uses chemical formulas to express the identities and quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction.
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| Chemical Formula | Consists of symbols of the elements in a compound with subscripts to identify the number of atoms present in one molecule.
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| Chemical Reaction | The transformation of one or more substances into different substances.
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| Chemical Bond | The force that holds two atoms in a molecule together.
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| Filtration | Process of separating particles by m\passing through a medium.
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| Solution | A homogeneous mixture.
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| Distillation | The more volatile component will vaporize and then condense, separating the mixture.
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| Intensive Property | A characteristic independent of the amount of substance present.
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| Extensive Property | A characteristic dependent of the amount of substance present.
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| Physical Property | A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance.
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| Density | The ratio of mass and volume of an object.(Intensive property)
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| Chemical Property | A characteristic of a substance that can be observed only by reacting it to form another substance.
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| Sublimation | The transformation of a solid directly to a gas.
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| Deposition | The transformation of a gas directly to a solid.
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| Precision | The repeatability of a measurement and the extent to which repeated measurements agree among themselves.
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| Accuracy | The agreement between an experimental value and a true value.
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| Absolute Zero | The lowest temperature possible.
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| Law of Multiple Proportions | The ratio of the masses of one element, Y, that react with a given mass of another element, X, to form any two compounds is the ratio of two small whole numbers.
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| Subatomic Particles | Composes atoms; includes protons, neutrons and electrons.
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| Cathode Rays | Streams of electrons emitted by the cathode (negative electrode) in a partially evacuated tube.
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| Electrom | A negatively charged subatomic particle.
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| Beta Particle | A type of radioactive emission that consists of a high-energy electron.
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| Alpha Particle | A radioactive emission with a charge of +2 and a mass equivalent to that of a helium nucleus.
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| Nucleus | Contains all of the positive charge and nearly all the mass in an atom.
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| Proton | A positively charged subatomic particle present in the nucleus of an atom.
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| Neutron | An electrically neutral or uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
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| Atomic Mass Units (AMU) | A relative scale used to express the masses of atoms and subatomic particles.
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| Isotopes | An atom that has the same amount of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons present than a "normal" atom of that element.
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| Nucleons | Another name for protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
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| Average Atomic Mass | Calculated by multiplying the natural abundance of each isotope by its exact mass units and then summing up these products.
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| Mass Spectrometer | An instrument that measures precise masses and relative amounts of ions of atoms and molecules.
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| Natural Abundance | An isotope's relative proportion, usually expressed as a percentage, among all the isotopes of that element as found in a natural sample.
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| Periods | Horizontal rows in a periodic table.
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| Family or Group | The vertical columns in a periodic table.
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| Transition Metals | The elements in groups 3-12 in the periodic table.
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| Metals | Shiny solids that conduct heat and electricity, malleable and ductile.
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| Metalloids (Semimetals) | Have some metallic properties but are not metal.
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| Nonmetals | Do not have any metallic properties, range from brittle solids to gases.
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| Main Group Elements (Representative Elements) | Elements in groups 1,2 and 13-18
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| Transition Metals | Elements in groups 3-12
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| Noble Gases | Elements in group 18
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