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PS111 Vocab Chap 1-3
College Chem vocab, chapters 1-3 (Gilbert, Kirss,Foster, Davies; Second Edition)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | The material of which the universe is made; has mass and occupies space. |
| Mass | Defines the quantity of matter in an object. Measured on balances. |
| Chemistry | The science of matter and its composition, structure, and properties. |
| Pure Substance | Has the same physical and chemical properties independent of its source. |
| Mixture | A combination of pure substances in variable proportions in which the individual substances retain their chemical identities. |
| Homogeneous Mixture | Components are distributed evenly throughout the mixture. |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | Components are not mixed evenly due to different compositions. |
| Element | A pure substance that cannot be separated into similar substances my chemical means. |
| Compound | A substance composed of two or more elements linked together in fixed proportions. |
| Volume | The space occupied by matter. |
| Law of Constant Composition | All samples of a particular compound always contain the same elements in the same proportions. |
| Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) | Generates images of surfaces at the atomic scale. |
| Atom | The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical characteristics of the element. |
| Molecule | A collection of atoms chemically bonded together. |
| Chemical Equation | Uses chemical formulas to express the identities and quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. |
| Chemical Formula | Consists of symbols of the elements in a compound with subscripts to identify the number of atoms present in one molecule. |
| Chemical Reaction | The transformation of one or more substances into different substances. |
| Chemical Bond | The force that holds two atoms in a molecule together. |
| Filtration | Process of separating particles by m\passing through a medium. |
| Solution | A homogeneous mixture. |
| Distillation | The more volatile component will vaporize and then condense, separating the mixture. |
| Intensive Property | A characteristic independent of the amount of substance present. |
| Extensive Property | A characteristic dependent of the amount of substance present. |
| Physical Property | A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance. |
| Density | The ratio of mass and volume of an object.(Intensive property) |
| Chemical Property | A characteristic of a substance that can be observed only by reacting it to form another substance. |
| Sublimation | The transformation of a solid directly to a gas. |
| Deposition | The transformation of a gas directly to a solid. |
| Precision | The repeatability of a measurement and the extent to which repeated measurements agree among themselves. |
| Accuracy | The agreement between an experimental value and a true value. |
| Absolute Zero | The lowest temperature possible. |
| Law of Multiple Proportions | The ratio of the masses of one element, Y, that react with a given mass of another element, X, to form any two compounds is the ratio of two small whole numbers. |
| Subatomic Particles | Composes atoms; includes protons, neutrons and electrons. |
| Cathode Rays | Streams of electrons emitted by the cathode (negative electrode) in a partially evacuated tube. |
| Electrom | A negatively charged subatomic particle. |
| Beta Particle | A type of radioactive emission that consists of a high-energy electron. |
| Alpha Particle | A radioactive emission with a charge of +2 and a mass equivalent to that of a helium nucleus. |
| Nucleus | Contains all of the positive charge and nearly all the mass in an atom. |
| Proton | A positively charged subatomic particle present in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Neutron | An electrically neutral or uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Atomic Mass Units (AMU) | A relative scale used to express the masses of atoms and subatomic particles. |
| Isotopes | An atom that has the same amount of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons present than a "normal" atom of that element. |
| Nucleons | Another name for protons and neutrons in the nucleus. |
| Average Atomic Mass | Calculated by multiplying the natural abundance of each isotope by its exact mass units and then summing up these products. |
| Mass Spectrometer | An instrument that measures precise masses and relative amounts of ions of atoms and molecules. |
| Natural Abundance | An isotope's relative proportion, usually expressed as a percentage, among all the isotopes of that element as found in a natural sample. |
| Periods | Horizontal rows in a periodic table. |
| Family or Group | The vertical columns in a periodic table. |
| Transition Metals | The elements in groups 3-12 in the periodic table. |
| Metals | Shiny solids that conduct heat and electricity, malleable and ductile. |
| Metalloids (Semimetals) | Have some metallic properties but are not metal. |
| Nonmetals | Do not have any metallic properties, range from brittle solids to gases. |
| Main Group Elements (Representative Elements) | Elements in groups 1,2 and 13-18 |
| Transition Metals | Elements in groups 3-12 |
| Noble Gases | Elements in group 18 |
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mnmacdonald
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