C21 GCSE Investigation keywords
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| hypothesis | prediction that can be tested by experiment
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| prediction | what you think will happen in an experiment
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| independent variable | what you choose to change in the experiment
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| dependent variable | what you see changing as a result in the experiment
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| hazard | what could cause an injury, e.g. wet floor = slip hazard, bags left on floor = trip hazard;
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| risk | the consequence of a hazard – including how LIKELY and how SERIOUS are the consequences, e.g. using Bunsen burner with loose long hair = moderate to high risk
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| precaution | something you can do to reduce the risk, e.g. tie back long hair (reduce likelihood), wear goggles (reduce seriousness of injury in event of chemical spraying out)
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| units | many measurements have units, e.g. newtons for force, metres for distance – write the units in the column headings in results tables
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| major factors | all the variables that pretty obviously might make a difference
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| variable | anything that can change and that might make a difference in an experiment
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| quantitative prediction | a prediction based on a mathematical relationship, e.g. proportional to, inverse proportional to; or including numbers, e.g. it will peak at about 40˚C
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| precision | indicated by a small spread in the repeat readings
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| accurate | a measurement that is close to the TRUE VALUE is accurate
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| range (of independent variable) | all the different values of the independent variable (usually in the left hand column in the results table)
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| full / appropriate risk assessment | will describe the relative risk of the various hazards; will state precautions needed to ensure risk is acceptable
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| repeatability | indicated by the spread of results obtained by ONE operator using ONE set of equipment
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| reproducibility | indicated by the spread of results obtained by DIFFERENT operators using DIFFERENT equipment / arrangement(s)
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| outlier | a result that looks out of place with the other repeats; OR
a result that looks out of place with the rest of the pattern of all the results
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| spread of data | can be shown by plotting ALL repeats on the graph (good for 2 or 3 repeats); OR
by plotting mean and range bars (better for large numbers of repeats)
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| scale | a number line (evenly spaced, with marks, like a ruler) for a graph axis
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| line of best fit | SHOWS the PATTERN of the results; can be straight of a smooth curve; not fuzzy, not wiggly, not thick; does not NEED to touch any point at all.
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| scatter graph | one that shows ALL the recorded results, not just the mean (or mean plus range bars)
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| limitations of equipment | mention the resolution (the smallest change it can show), e.g. thermometer measured to the nearest whole ˚C, newton meter measured to the nearest 10N.
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| limitations of technique | e.g. was it difficult to take the reading, capture all the gas, make sure the temperature really stayed the same throughout, line up the ruler with the other equipment?
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| accounting for outliers | suggest genuine reason that could explain e.g. why that reading was higher than expected (or lower than expected)
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| secondary data | any results that did not come from YOUR experiment
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| secondary data (three good sources) | exam board data;
another group in your class;
internet / text book – can be a mathematical model, a computer simulation, a graph, a table of results etc
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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