Chapter 3
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| norm | average, or standard, measurement calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group or population
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| head-sparing | a biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition
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| neuron | one of the billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially in the brain
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| cortex | the outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex
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| prefrontal cortex | the area of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning and impulse control
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| axon | a fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
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| dendrite | a fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons
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| synapses | the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons
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| neurotransmitter | a brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrite of a receiving neuron
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| synaptic gap | the pathway across which neurotransmitters carry information from the axon of the sending neuron the dendrites of the receiving neuron
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| transient exuberance | the great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant's brain during the first two years of life
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| pruning | when applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die
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| shaken baby syndrome | a life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections
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| self-righting | the inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit; literally, to return to sitting or standing upright after being tipped over. People of all ages have self-righting impulses, for emotional as well as physical imbalance
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| REM (rapid eye movement) sleep | a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves
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| co-sleeping | a custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room
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| sensation | the response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus
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| perception | the mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation
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| binocular vision | the ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image
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| motor skill | the learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid
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| gross motor skills | physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping
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| gross | big
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| motor | muscles movement
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| fine motor skills | physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin
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| fine | small
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| immunization | the process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease. It may be accomplished either naturally (by having the disease) or through vaccination (often by having an injection)
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| protein-calorie malnutrition | a condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death
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| stunting | the failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition
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| wasting | the tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition
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| marasmus | a disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies
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| kwashiorkor | a disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza
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| sensorimotor intelligence | Piaget's term for the way infants think-by using their senses and motor skills-during the first period of cognitive development
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| object permanence | the realization that objects (including people) still exist even if they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard
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| little scientist | the stage-five toddler (age 12-18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration
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| deferred imitation | a sequence in which an infant first perceives something done by someone else and then performs the same action hour or even days later
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| mirror neurons | cells in an observer's brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action
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| information-processing theory | a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output
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| reminder session | a perceptual experience that is intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience, without testing whether the person remembers it at the moment
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| child-directed speech | the high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants (aka baby talk or motherese)
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| babbling | the extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old
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| holophrase | a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought
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| naming explosion | a sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns that begins at about 18 months of age
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| grammar | all the methods - word order, verb forms, and so on - that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves
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| language acquisition device (LAD) | Chornsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation
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| hybrid theory | a perspective that combines various aspects of different theories to explain how language, or any other developmental phenomenon, occurs
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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