Chapter 19: Acids, bases, and salts.
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| (H3O+) Hydronium ion: | The ion that forms when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion.
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| Conjugate acid: | The ion or molecule formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion.
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| Conjugate base: | The ion or molecule that remains after an acid loses a hydrogen ion.
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| Conjugate acid-base pair: | Consists of two ions or molecules related by the loss or gain of one hydrogen ion.
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| Amphoteric: | A substance that can react as either an acid or a base.
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| Lewis acid: | A substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
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| Lewis base: | A substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
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| Self-ionization: | The reaction in which water molecules produce ions.
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| Neutral solution: | Any aqueous solution in which H+ and OH- are equal.
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| Ion product constant for water: | (Kw)
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| Acidic solution: | A solution in which H+ is greater than 1 x 10^-7 M
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| Base solution: | One in which H+ is less than OH-
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| Alkaline solutions: | Also known as basic solutions.
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| pH: | The pH of a solution is a negative logarithmic hydrogen-ion concentration.
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| pH less than 7.0: | Acidic
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| pH greater than 7.0 | Basic
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| Two methods that are used to measure pH: | Acid-base indicators, or pH meters.
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| Strong acid: | (In general) is completely ionized in an aqueous solution.
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| Weak acid: | Ionized only slightly in an aqueous solution.
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| Acid dissociation constant (Ka): | The ratio of the concentration of the dissociated form of an acid to the concentration of the undissociated form.
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| Base dissociation constant (Kb): | The ratio of the concentration of the conjugate acid times the concentration of the hydroxide ion to the concentration of the base.
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| Neutralization reaction: | The complete reaction of a strong acid and a strong base produces a neutral solution.
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| Titration: | The process of adding a measured amount of a solution of known concentration to the solution of unknown concentrations.
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| Standard solution: | The solution of known concentration.
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| Equivalence point: | The point at which neutralization occurs.
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| End point: | The point at which the indicator changes color.
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| Salt hydrolysis: | The cations and anions of a dissociated salt remove hydrogen ions from, or donate hydrogen ions to, water.
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| Buffer: | A solution in which the pH remains fairly constant when small amounts of acid or base are added.
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| Buffer capacity: | The amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffer solution before a significant change in pH can occur.
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