AQA Reactions of Alkenes and Alcohols
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| what are the reagents and conditions to convert an alkene into (mono)bromoalkane? | HBr, room temp+pressure
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| what are the reagents and conditions to convert an alkene into (di)bromoalkane? | Br2, room temp+pressure
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| explain why you get two products when you add HBr to an Alkene but only one when you add Br2 | because the electrophile (H+) will add to one or the other carbon creating 2 possible carbocations
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| what are the reagents and conditions to convert an alkene into an alkane? | H2, high temp 150C+Nickel Catalyst
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| what are the reagents and conditions to convert an alkene into alcohol? | Steam, 300C,60atm,Phosphoric Acid catalyst OR Conc.H2SO4 followed by water)
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| what are the conditions to convert an alkene into a polymer? | low temp,high pressure
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| when you add HBr to an Alkene, how many products to you get? | 2
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| when you add H2O to an Alkene, how many products to you get? | 2
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| when you add Br2 to an Alkene, how many products to you get? | 1
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| when you add H2 to an Alkene, how many products to you get? | 1
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| How do you answer this question "what is the reagent?" given the equation | Draw the structural formulae of reactant and product. What is the difference?
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| Define electrophile | A chemical with an atom that is electron deficient (may have a positive charge); Able to accept a PAIR of electrons; to form a covalent bond
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| Define addition | When two molecules join to form a SINGLE one
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| (excess) Bromine is added to Buta1,3DiEne. What is the product? | 1,2,3,4TETRABromoButANE; Remember ALL/EACH double bond will react with Bromine; Remember the product is saturated, no more double bond so the name will be finishing in ANE
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| What do you draw when asked "draw the repeating unit" given the monomer | STRAIGHTEN the bonds above and below the double bonds;Open the double bond; DO NOT write "n" after the bracket (that is polymerisation)
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| How do you answer when asked to "explain why compound A has a higher boiling point than B" | 1) Identify the IMF in each compound; 2) compare the strength of forces; 3) discuss "energy needed to break FORCES BETWEEN MOLECULES/IMF"
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| Describe the mechanism for an electrophilic addition? | Show bond polarities;Draw the arrow from the middle of the double bond to the delta+;Draw the polarised bond (from middle of the bond) folding onto delta-;Draw the carbocation and the anion AS YOU SEE;Draw curly arrow from lone pair on anion to positive C
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| What TYPE of reaction is a polymerisation? | radical reaction
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| What type of isomerism is shown in But-2-ene? | geometric isomerism
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| What are the names of the 2 isomers in But-2-ene? | E when the two Methyl groups are on opposite side of the double bond; Z when they are on the same side
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| Why is there no isomerism shown on 2Methyl PropEne? | Draw the structural formula. Carbon-1 carries two Hydrogens: SAME group on ONE carbon
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| Where does geometric isomerism arise from? | The double bond is not able to rotate
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| What is a Carbocation? | Carbocation is the species that has a positive Carbon ion
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| What is the name of the reaction between an Alcohol and concentrated Sulfuric Acid? | Dehydration
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| What is the product of the reaction between an Alcohol and concentrated Sulfuric Acid? | Alkene
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| What is the name of the product between Butan-2ol and concentrated Sulfuric Acid? | But-2-ene or But-1-ene [have you remembered the numbering?]
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| Why do you get 2 products when an Alcohol reacts with concentrated Sulfuric Acid? | because the OH is removed and a Hydrogen on the neighbouring carbon EITHER on the left OR on the right
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| What must you remember when an alcohol is added to concentrated Sulfuric Acid? | you will get 2 products and one of these products may show E/Z isomerism
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| What is the name of the reaction between an Alcohol and a Carboxylic acid, with conc H2SO4 as catalyst? | Esterification
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| What is the product of the reaction between an Alcohol and a Carboxylic acid, with conc H2SO4 as catalyst? | Ester
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| What is the name and structure of the product of the reaction between an Propanol and a Methanoic acid, with conc H2SO4 as catalyst? | Propyl Methanoate; HCOO-CH2-CH2-CH3
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| What is the name of the reaction between an Alcohol and Acidified Potassium Dichromate? | Oxidation
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| What is the product of the reaction between an Alcohol and Acidified Potassium Dichromate? | Depends on the type of alcohol: Primary gives Aldehyde, then Carb Acid; secondary gives Ketone
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| What is the product of the reaction between a primary Alcohol and Acidified Potassium Dichromate under reflux? | Carboxylic Acid
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| What is the product of the reaction between a secondary Alcohol and Acidified Potassium Dichromate under reflux? | Ketone
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| What is the product of the reaction between a tertiary Alcohol and Acidified Potassium Dichromate under reflux? | no reaction!
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| What is the equation for the reaction between Butan-1ol and Acidified Potassium Dichromate under distillation? | CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH + [O] CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO + H2O (show as much structure as possible in the equation!) [have you remembered H2O]
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| What is the equation for the reaction between Butan-2ol and Acidified Potassium Dichromate under reflux? | CH3-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3 + [O] CH3-CH2-CO-CH3 + H2O (show as much structure as possible in the equation!) [have you remembered H2O]
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| What is the equation for the reaction between Butan-1ol and Acidified Potassium Dichromate under reflux? | CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH + 2[O] CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH + H2O (show as much structure as possible in the equation!) [have you remembered H2O] finally there are TWO [O] as the butan1-ol is oxidised first into Butanal then onto the acid
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| What is the equation for the reaction between Butanal and Acidified Potassium Dichromate under reflux? | CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO + [O] CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH (show as much structure as possible in the equation!)
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| An IR spectrum shows that the product of oxidation of an alcohol under reflux has a peak at 1750cm-1 but no broad peak at 3000cm-1. What type of alcohol was oxidised. Explain your reasoning. | A C=O was present but no O-H so can not be a Carboxylic Acid, so the product was a ketone; so the alcohol was secondary.
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| How do you write the equation for polymerisation | STRAIGHTEN the bonds above and below the double bonds;Open the double bond; draw brackets; write "n" after the bracket AND "n" BEFORE THE REACTANT/ALKENE!!!!
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| Describe 3 methods of disposing of plastic | combustion to generate electricity; SORTING and recycling (mechanical recycling by melting and reshaping OR feedstock recycling to recuperate the Alkene)
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| What is the problem with recycling (apart from need for sorting first) | The melting and reshaping can only be done a given number of times because the polymer chain break and become smaller at each heating
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| Which carbocation is the most stable: primary, secondary or tertiary? Explain why | tertiary, because each Carbon next to the C+ will give a fraction of e- to the C+, hence makes the C+ more stable
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| What is the test for AlkEnes? | Bromine water goes FROM orange TO colourless
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| Describe the mechanism of EA of conc. H2SO4 onto Ethene | show polarised H-O on H2SO4; attack from middle of double bond onto H-delta+ from H2SO4; redraw as you SEE; attack from lone pair of negativeO-SO3H onto C+; draw final product
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